The Margin Call Movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Margin Call Movie - Essay Example This move is one of the ethically questionable issues evident in the movie. The decision by Tuld to sell off their assets (the toxic ones) before the opening of the market and before the traders and customers’ suspect of the downfall and worthlessness of company and their assets is one of the biggest and most pronounced unethical and questionable decisions by the company. The moral philosophy in this case is egoism where the egoistic person only selects choices and solutions which are favoring his or her self-interest or that satisfy their egos. The decisions being suggested by some of the senior executives and also being supported by the others is that of sacrificing their own traders who are their loyal customers and deceiving them in order to save the company from losses that it is facing and will eventually face once word gets out about the reduction of mortgage-backed securities by over 25%. The reasoning behind their egoistic philosophical decision is that the market fac es ups and downs but it still remains and therefore this is a normal situation for an investment bank and once the crisis passes, then they will be on their way to making profits and no one will find out about what happened unless someone leaks word out. If this happens, then they are prepared to offer Robertson as a sacrificial lamb through her resigning. Select two alternative moral philosophies that might have led the parties to a different result and, for each one, include a definition of that alternative philosophy

Give an account of how the monoamines Essay Example for Free

Give an account of how the monoamines Essay Before any detailed explanations of how monoamines act as transmitters and their prime functions in the brain, I feel it is appropriate to describe what transmitters are and outline their functions in the nervous system as well as the criteria needed for a transmitter. The definition of a neurotransmitter is chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate electrical signals between neurons. (wikipedia, 2006) Moreover, for these substances to be classified as a neurotransmitter, certain criteria must be met as follows. Firstly, it is synthesized when required endogenously at the pre-synaptic side of the cell and stored in vesicles. Secondly, an adequate amount can be released to cause a response on the post-synaptic neuron. Finally, an inactivation mechanism is required to terminate its effect upon cell. Neurotransmitters are agonists and may produce fast or slow sequence of events which could be either excitatory or inhibitory. The effect is largely determined by the receptors that the neurotransmitters bind onto. Neurotransmitters are usually small molecules and are packaged into small vesicles. When a neuron receives an action potential that travels along the axon reaching the synapse, the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuron becomes depolarized. This leads to the opening of calcium channels and an influx of calcium ions, which causes the vesicles to be released by exocytosis to the synaptic cleft and the neurotransmitter molecules are then free to bind to receptors that sits on the post-synaptic membrane of the neuron. Neurotransmitter receptors are commonly divided into two types: the ionotropic receptors and the metabotropic receptors. The first group of receptors is ligand-gated ion channels and its opening or closure of channel depends on the binding of neurotransmitters. The rate of transmission for ionotropic receptors is fast. The latter group passes on signals through second messengers such as G-proteins and they have slower neuromodulation. There are three major categories of neurotransmitters: the amino acids, peptides, monoamines and the last group we will be concentrated on. Monoamines include chemicals such as dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NA) and serotonin (5-HT). Dopamine is responsible for emotional arousal; NA causes wakefulness and arousal whereas 5-HT has a role in memory, patterns in sleeping and emotions. Each of the neurotransmitters will now be introduced in more details. Dopamine is naturally synthesized inside the body by rewarding experiences; it is a neurotransmitter that acts on the brain as well as a neurohormone that is released by the hypothalamus. Generally, functions of DA in the brain include movement, cognition, prolactin secretion regulation plus motivation and pleasure. DA have other functions in the brain, however, it centrally plays a role in the pleasure reward system. The presence of an unanticipated reward induces activations to DA neurons and we tend to repeat certain behaviors to gain rewards again due to the feelings of reinforcement and motivations. Thus DA is believed to set up new motor sequences for repeated behaviors and reward system. Often this system has an association with the use of drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines which can increase the concentration of DA in the brain leading to addiction of drugs. On the other hand DA is also released with the occurrence of unpleasant experiences and we learn to keep away or remove the unlikable stimuli. The most common and recognizable symptom of Parkinsons disease is the shaky hands, where patients are less able to control their motor movement. The cause of the disease is principally understood as shortage of DA and death of DA neurons in nigrostriatal pathway. Evidentially DA has an affect on the basal ganglia motor loop which impinges on the brain to control our motor movements. The frontal lobes of the brain are the region responsible for most of the neurocognitive functions, where DA controls the information flow from other sections of the brain. Any disorder in this area can bring about reduced functions in memory and attention. As mentioned before, DA plays a role in regulation of prolactin secretion in which DA act as a neuroendocrine regulator to inhibit prolactin release from anterior lobe of pituitary gland. Receptors for DA include D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 and D2 receptors are associated with sociability. Anxiety patients are found to have low D2 receptor binding. Other behavior disorders such as depression, schizophrenia and psychosis are related to DA system disruption. Treatment for these disorders often uses the blockade mechanism of the D2 receptors or blocking the reuptake of DA transmitters. Norepinephrine (NA) belongs to the catecholamine family, which are chemicals that are made from the amino acids tyrosine. In the nervous system, NA acts as neurotransmitters and the noradrenergic neurons are responsible for the release of NA. The function of NA in the brain is as a stress hormone, where one is subjected to stressful environment, NA is released. It acts on the adrenoreceptors which are divided into the alpha and beta type and each of these have their own subdivisions. Norepinephrine also implies a role in depression and the chemical serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are used to treat depression. SNRIs are antidepressant and they function by increasing the concentration of NA at the postsynaptic cells as well as the amount of dopamine due to the availability of NA transporters to some dopamine. SNRIs has an inhibitory effect on the NA transporter reuptake mechanism by preventing transporters to recycle NA transmitters, which stop the NA transporter to recycle dopamine as well and prolongs the effect of dopamine transmission. The correlation between the two transmitters is effective on the antidepressant aspect. Serotonin (5-HT) is derived from the essential amino acid tryptophan and it is a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. 5-HT is made in serotonergic neurons of the Raphe nuclei in the brain. The neurotransmission for 5-HT is relatively different compared to DA and NA. Instead of releasing the neurotransmitter from a synaptic bulb, 5-HT is released from serotonergic swellings along the axon. Classically transmitters after the release stage will usually bind to receptors that sit on the post-synaptic membrane. However, in the case of 5-HT, the receptors specifically for it not only present post-synaptically but also at areas such as cell bodies and dendrites. The termination pathway of 5-HT is via the actions of the 5-HT reuptake transporter present at pre-synaptic membrane of the neuron. There is a broad classification of 5-HT receptors, from 5-HT1 to 5-HT7, and there are subdivision of the 5-HT1, 5-HT2 and 5-HT5receptors. Most of the 5-HT receptors uses the G-protein coupled mechanism traduce signals, except the 5-HT3 receptor which is a ligand-gated ion channel. For 5-HT1 receptors, the subdivision includes 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D. Generally with selected agonists binding to the receptors their functions in the central nervous system are inhibition of neuronal effects and behavioral effects for example, sleeping, and anxiety. But for 5-HT1D it has a role in cerebral vasoconstriction. At the 5-HT2A receptors it involves neuronal excitation which is the opposite of the 1A, B subtypes as well as learning. 5-HT2C receptors are responsible for secreting cerebral spinal fluid to the spinal cord for lubrication and other functions. The 5-HT3 receptors with a selection of specific drugs binding, it brings about anxiety plus neuronal excitation. For some of the other receptors of 5-HT, their roles in the nervous system are unclear and some are responsible for the gastrointestinal tract contraction and motility; vascular constriction or dilation. Clinically, 5-HT is used in the treatment of epilepsy and depression. Although histamine is the chemical that has many involvements physiologically in the human body, it also acts as a neurotransmitter. Four histamine receptors have been discovered ranging from H1-H4. However, only the H3 receptors are mainly engaged with the central nervous system. The cell bodies in the posterior hypothalamus release histamine and it plays a part in sleeping pattern modulation. Histamine releasing disorders are associated with inability of attention maintenance. Schizophrenia also has an association with low concentration of histamine in blood level. References: Book resources:Essential psychopharmacology 2nd edition, Stephen M. Stahl Online resources: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitter http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dopamine http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Norepinephrine http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Serotonin http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Histamine.

Modernity And Cinema In Bengal Film Studies Essay

Modernity And Cinema In Bengal Film Studies Essay Realism and Modernity are two words closely associated with Bengali cinema. Some of the greatest and among the most popular filmmakers of Bengal took realist genre of films to a new height, alongside reflecting modernist ideas. Realism and modernity go hand-in-hand in Bengali films, especially in the work of greats like Satyajit Ray and Ritwik Ghatak. Although defining modernity would mean at least a few more pages, for the sake of this essay, we would deduct it down to merely social, political and artistic modernization. Satyajit Rays magnum opus Pather Pancheli is one of the greatest examples of realist films portraying various elements of modernity. Inspired by Italian neo-realism (especially Vittorio De Siccas Bicycle Thief, 1948), Ray created his first film and a masterpiece reflecting the evolution and social change in Bengal and a modernization of ideas and concepts. In Pather Panchali, Ray talks about leaving old ideas behind and moving on. He talks about how over time, old ways of living, ancestral ideas and traditional lifestyle has become stale and needs to be changed. Apu, with his family, leaves his home and village at the end because the ancestral house held them behind. They moved to find a better way of living. They moved to get rid of the old house which couldnt help them in any way, but instead took their daughters life. This whole film is a transition from pre-modern to a modern way of living. Ray distributes several metaphors throughout the film metaphors of modernity and need for change. One important character which served as a metaphor for me was that of the old aunt. Shes old, tired and just wanders around the house doing nothing. Shes often told to go indicating shes not wanted in the house. The family is fed up of her just as theyre fed up of traditions and the same lifestyle theyd been living in the fear of famine, poverty and survival. The old aunt wanders, trying to find a place for herself, and when she doesnt, she dies. Ray shows death of old ideas. Ray wants change. He shows a need for change and a breakaway from traditions which are holding you back. He wants to show theres always a need for change. The old aunt is a mere metaphor for him to show how traditions have become stale. Charulata (1964), another one of the great films by Ray, also talks about change. But here, he sets it in an upper middle class Bengali society where a lonely housewife falls in love with her brother-in-law while they both encourage each other to write. He puts two different ideas of home and desire, literature and politics, pre-modernism and modernity face-to-face. Rays films have a humanistic touch. He uses his craft to get to the deepest part of human heart and extract out the emotions from there. Scenes like Apu throwing away the necklace Durga had stolen, Amal leaving home to avoid being unfaithful, Durga stealing food for her aunt add to the humanistic approach of Satyajit Rays work. Neo-realism is another thing that inspired Ray. According to me, its mainly because his stories were about society. He couldnt have made them in a fictional style because then they wouldnt be relevant to the society. His stories were not meant to be mere films, but a reality somewhere in time which needed to be imitated in Bengali society and which was a reflection of the same society he lived in. His characters were sketches of real people. They were close to real. For example, when you think Durga, you dont think of her as a two-dimensional good or evil character, but as a girl who existed and had different attributes to her personality just like everybody else. She wasnt a puppet. Similarly, Ritwik Ghataks films introduced different modern themes to the evolving society of Bengal such as alienation, isolation, need for home. In one of his most personal and also socially relevant films Ajantrik, Ghatak introduces the concept of alienation and isolation from the society. He shows a mans attachment to his car, an inanimate object and a troubled social life where he cant connect well to the people around him. Scenes like where the character Bimal is talking to his car, the car responding to him, him taking care of the car like a companion and not caring about what his society says, show how important a character Jagaddal (the car) is. Ghatak doesnt treat the car as a prop, but as a character itself. He tries to show the cars point of view; he wants to make us feel its presence thus implying the fact how relations have also evolved along with modernization of ideas and society; how people have become more involved with their property rather than fellow human beings. Similarly, in Subarnarekha (1965), Ghatak reflects on the feeling of home (along with many other sub-themes such as happiness, relations). His work has been about change, modernity and its effects and mainly, how partition has affected society and Ghatak himself. In Subarnarekha, he tells a story of a family moving to the bank of Subarnarekha River after the partition and how the girl Sita seeks happiness throughout the film. Moreover, he tells of her feeling at the new home. The river becomes the new home for her who she confides in her secrets, woes and happiness. From what I observed in Ghataks films, he believes that society has changed from being a community to more of a collective living of different individuals. I observed individualism in his work, and how people have turned from their fellows to nature or man-made beauty whether it is mountains and rivers to cars and property. I think there are many modernist elements found in both Satyajit Ray and Ritwik Ghataks films ranging from their content and themes (home, anthropomorphism, modernity itself) to their craft (use of POV shots, different style of cinematography, manipulating space and even the use of Brechtian elements). Mise-en-scene of Subarnarekha Subarnarekha by Ritwik Ghatak has a totally different feel from Ghataks Ajantrik where he uses machinery and artificial elements. Here he turns to nature. He turns to landscapes for expression of emotions. His landscapes speak. For example, in every scene when Sita sings, we see landscapes of river and surroundings. At times, it seems like Sita is singing to the river, telling her story. Ghatak has a strong fascination of juxtaposing sound and landscape and how it creates an impact in viewers mind. Whats interesting to note is how the kind of landscape shows the state of mind of character, such as when shes happy, we see rice fields and river and when shes sad and bored, we see a barren land. Watching a Ritwik Ghatak film is like going on a travel journey around the state. He shows you picturesque landscapes which strongly reflect nature and emotions. Another important thing which is part of the mise-en-scene is strange framing. Ghatak likes to frame his subjects on extreme and odd points of the grid and juxtapose them to their background, giving them a context. For example the scene where Sita is singing of her woes in a barren land around her and when she ends, the camera dollies out just showing Sitas body (which is also cut in the frame and not properly placed). You can expect the unexpected in Ghataks style of framing. He wouldnt use conventional framing in Subarnarekha, but put two images side by side to create a different context. In Subarnarekha, Ghataks art direction also plays an important role. They also help create the mise-en-scene of the film. The river, the lonely plains, one house in the middle of nowhere, very little to no people, an old abandoned place where the war took place they all develop a certain mood. The movement and transition from a small town school to a journey across the border and to a lone house in the midst of barren land. It creates a symphony a lyrical transition from one note to another. Pace of the film is another thing thats part of the mise-en-scene. The time duration of the film determines how long it would feel compared to the real time. Ghatak manipulates time to the extent where Subarnarekha starts to feel realist which means time is slowed down, although not exactly to match the real time. He changes pace continuously to match the action and the passing of time. Subarnarekha is divided into chapters occurring in different passing time periods. Camera movement is quite natural in the film. Most of the time, Ghatak uses the invisible camera method and doesnt change points of view except at a point where Abhiram recognizes his lost mother. In that scene, camera shifts focus as to provide a point of view of Abhiram recognizing her mother. Ghatak uses space quite realistically creating a perfect illusion of real space. I think Ritwik Ghataks choice of shooting on-location really helped him stay true to his realistic nature of the film (just like many realist filmmakers of 20th century). Costumes, as part of the films mise-en-scene, are minimal and are there just to show the traditional way of life. It hasnt been stylized like setting, sound and camera work. Acting (considering it a part of mise-en-scene) has been reduced to appear natural unlike some of the early films which imitated theater.

Character Analysis of Elisa Allen in The Chrysanthemums by Steinbeck Es

Many readers who analyze Steinbeck's short story, "The Chrysanthemums", feel Elisa's flowers represent her repressed sexuality, and her anger and resentment towards men. Some even push the symbolism of the flowers, and Elisa's masculine actions, to suggest she is unable to establish a true relationship between herself and another. Her masculine traits and her chrysanthemums are enough to fulfill her entirely. This essay will discuss an opposing viewpoint. Instead, it will argue that Elisa's chrysanthemums, and her masculine qualities are natural manifestations of a male dominated world. Pertinent examples from "The Chrysanthemums" will be given in an attempt to illustrate that Elisa's character qualities, and gardening skills, are the survival traits she's adopted in order to survive, and keep her femininity and vulnerability in a man's world. The first evidence that supports this conclusion is the behavior which occurs between Elisa and her husband, Henry. There is a "deeply rooted dysfunction between Henry and Elisa, [which is] a lack of real communication" (Palmerino, 1). They are "successful" farmers, but it is Henry who tends the economic production. The opening sets up a character contrast which runs throughout the piece by showing Henry selling thirty head of beef, while Elisa grows "beautiful" chrysanthemums. The contrast is that of the differences between a masculine and a feminine perspective of each other. This shows a limiting of Elisa from a man's point-of-view. Henry tells Elisa that she has a way with growing things, but he feels she is only contributing in an aesthetic way. In other words, Elisa is made to feel that her contribution isn't as worthy as a man's even though the insult is hidden ... ... real love, she may be able to find fulfillment in her flowers more than she ever has. They can be released into the male world and survive, beautiful and strong, though fragile, just as she has. The chrysanthemums are not Elisa's frustration, they are her hope in a world she sees without hope. Therefore, when the tinker simply drops the flowers on the side of the road, the symbolic weight of the chrysanthemums must be considered. Higdon states that "the crucial question remains whether or not Elisa has been destroyed" (Higdon, 668). The reader can see how the flowers represent mostly a positive symbol of growth and life. Elisa may not have anywhere to turn for real understanding, since men are not able to explore her inner-qualities, but it is better that she grows flowers than shutting off her own emotions and feelings and using others like the men around her.

Organized Crime Exam 2 Study Guide

Exam Review 3/28/13 10:32 AM Rockefeller and Standard Oil (2) Proliferation of organized crime caused by: †¢ Collapse of Soviet Union †¢ Explosion of global markets Primary businesses †¢ Drugs †¢ Arms †¢ Human Trafficking – 3rd largest growing criminal industry o Article Handed out – On Test o 2 Components ? Labor ? Sex Trafficking o 1/3 of human trafficking resources come from craigslist Globalization and nexus of terrorism, differences from org crime †¢ Terrorism is inherently an organization that destroys politics, organized crime nurtures and infiltrates politics.Terr subvert government, org crime wants to maintain and run a parallel organiztion Where organized crime groups thrive †¢ Tri-border coiuntries – ability to cross, human trafficking, etc. Al Queda †¢ Using La Comorra to forge documents 3 different types of traditional organized crime †¢ Sicilian †¢ La Comorra from Sp prisons †¢ L’Ndranga? Popular in Australia and Canada, origin in slums of Collabria, Italy 4 types †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ of terrorism Criminal – profit, psychological gain EcoterroristsIdeological terrorism – effort to change political power. Mubarak in Egypt Nationalistic terrorism – terr activity that supports the interest of an ethnic or ____ group EX Afghanistan †¢ State sponsored terrorism – state threaten to use violence internationally, N KOREA Theories behind org crime †¢ Anomie – normlessness by Angle Durkheim. Robert Murton picked up on that theory. Break down his concept into GOALS and MEANS. 5 Categories of ppl o Conformity o Innovation o Ritualism o Retreatism o RebellionEdwin Sutherland Theory of_____ †¢ Close, intimate personal groups teach you mechanics and justification for criminal behavior Shawn McCay †¢ Concentric circles, Zone 2 the Zone of transition, where most crim activity is identified Theory of Olin – theo ry of relative deprivation and differential opportunity †¢ 3 categories o Retreat o Conflict o Criminal Ethnic succession concept Motorcycle Gangs †¢ 1%ers †¢ Probate, Citizen, Run, Colors, Significance of Harley Davidson repair manual †¢ 4 most notorious gangs †¢ Who Sonny Barger isLatino Organized Crime †¢ Columbia – world’s primary cocaine industry. o Political strife, civil war between wealthy landowners la Valencia o Castro overthrows Batista, how many narcotraffickers settle in N America o How Columbians began to export cocaine to Cuba, but eventually Cuba becomes their own organization o Medallin – first significant Columbian Cartel (Criminal Network resembling a holding company or corporation). Ocha family, primary family in the medallin cartel. ? Pablo Escobar – 1970s nothing but a drug dealer.By 1980s, emerged to such power that he attempted to engotaiot with Columbian govt to forego xtradition. They refused, he con tinues to promote drug organizeiton until he was assassinated o Followed by Cali Cartel ? Elmhurst Jackson Heights in Queens NY – little Columbia ? The Rejula brothers founded it. Incarcerated †¢ Mexico o PRI rule mexico for 70 years. Taken over by opposition party under Vicente fox †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ o Drug trafficking – initially working with Columbians, ****For every 2kilos brought in, Columbians gave 1 free**** Eventually Mexicans establish their own contacts – grow a majority of cocaine in Bolivia and peru, operate independently of Columbia o Amazucas Cartel – distinct notoriety in Methamohetamine o Sonola Cotel – Gusman/El Chapo / Shorty – mentioned in an ARTICLE ? How most powerful drug traffickers run their business o Tijuana Cartel – borders San Diego. ? Operated by 7 brothers, 4 sisters. o Sonora Cartel – borders Arizona Dominican Republic o Notorious transshipment point o Uptown manhattan pa rt of Washington Heights Known for moving large amts of heroin and crack cocaine v powder coke MS13 o El Salvador formed o Notoriously violent in el Salvador and N America La M o Prison based gang o Rely on wholesale violence o Now rivals a second Mexican-American Gang LA NUESTRA FAMILIA o Mexican Mafia still fueds with them o Primary business since it was formed in prisons is providing heroin in the Mexican prison system ARTICLE A JOURNEY INTO HELL – Not on test ***** 3/28/13 10:32 AM 3/28/13 10:32 AM Organized Crime Exam 2 Study Guide Exam Review 3/28/13 10:32 AM Rockefeller and Standard Oil (2) Proliferation of organized crime caused by: †¢ Collapse of Soviet Union †¢ Explosion of global markets Primary businesses †¢ Drugs †¢ Arms †¢ Human Trafficking – 3rd largest growing criminal industry o Article Handed out – On Test o 2 Components ? Labor ? Sex Trafficking o 1/3 of human trafficking resources come from craigslist Globalization and nexus of terrorism, differences from org crime †¢ Terrorism is inherently an organization that destroys politics, organized crime nurtures and infiltrates politics.Terr subvert government, org crime wants to maintain and run a parallel organiztion Where organized crime groups thrive †¢ Tri-border coiuntries – ability to cross, human trafficking, etc. Al Queda †¢ Using La Comorra to forge documents 3 different types of traditional organized crime †¢ Sicilian †¢ La Comorra from Sp prisons †¢ L’Ndranga? Popular in Australia and Canada, origin in slums of Collabria, Italy 4 types †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ of terrorism Criminal – profit, psychological gain EcoterroristsIdeological terrorism – effort to change political power. Mubarak in Egypt Nationalistic terrorism – terr activity that supports the interest of an ethnic or ____ group EX Afghanistan †¢ State sponsored terrorism – state threaten to use violence internationally, N KOREA Theories behind org crime †¢ Anomie – normlessness by Angle Durkheim. Robert Murton picked up on that theory. Break down his concept into GOALS and MEANS. 5 Categories of ppl o Conformity o Innovation o Ritualism o Retreatism o RebellionEdwin Sutherland Theory of_____ †¢ Close, intimate personal groups teach you mechanics and justification for criminal behavior Shawn McCay †¢ Concentric circles, Zone 2 the Zone of transition, where most crim activity is identified Theory of Olin – theo ry of relative deprivation and differential opportunity †¢ 3 categories o Retreat o Conflict o Criminal Ethnic succession concept Motorcycle Gangs †¢ 1%ers †¢ Probate, Citizen, Run, Colors, Significance of Harley Davidson repair manual †¢ 4 most notorious gangs †¢ Who Sonny Barger isLatino Organized Crime †¢ Columbia – world’s primary cocaine industry. o Political strife, civil war between wealthy landowners la Valencia o Castro overthrows Batista, how many narcotraffickers settle in N America o How Columbians began to export cocaine to Cuba, but eventually Cuba becomes their own organization o Medallin – first significant Columbian Cartel (Criminal Network resembling a holding company or corporation). Ocha family, primary family in the medallin cartel. ? Pablo Escobar – 1970s nothing but a drug dealer.By 1980s, emerged to such power that he attempted to engotaiot with Columbian govt to forego xtradition. They refused, he con tinues to promote drug organizeiton until he was assassinated o Followed by Cali Cartel ? Elmhurst Jackson Heights in Queens NY – little Columbia ? The Rejula brothers founded it. Incarcerated †¢ Mexico o PRI rule mexico for 70 years. Taken over by opposition party under Vicente fox †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ o Drug trafficking – initially working with Columbians, ****For every 2kilos brought in, Columbians gave 1 free**** Eventually Mexicans establish their own contacts – grow a majority of cocaine in Bolivia and peru, operate independently of Columbia o Amazucas Cartel – distinct notoriety in Methamohetamine o Sonola Cotel – Gusman/El Chapo / Shorty – mentioned in an ARTICLE ? How most powerful drug traffickers run their business o Tijuana Cartel – borders San Diego. ? Operated by 7 brothers, 4 sisters. o Sonora Cartel – borders Arizona Dominican Republic o Notorious transshipment point o Uptown manhattan pa rt of Washington Heights Known for moving large amts of heroin and crack cocaine v powder coke MS13 o El Salvador formed o Notoriously violent in el Salvador and N America La M o Prison based gang o Rely on wholesale violence o Now rivals a second Mexican-American Gang LA NUESTRA FAMILIA o Mexican Mafia still fueds with them o Primary business since it was formed in prisons is providing heroin in the Mexican prison system ARTICLE A JOURNEY INTO HELL – Not on test ***** 3/28/13 10:32 AM 3/28/13 10:32 AM

Nuclear Power Essay Example

Nuclear Power Essay Example Nuclear Power Essay Nuclear Power Essay Nuclear energy is one of the best sustainable resources around on the planet, 1 Goof reactor grade uranium contains enough energy to power a household light buy lb for 1,172 years. I believe that with the proper precautions taken, nuclear energy c become our worlds primary source of energy, instead of burning fossil fuels. There are several controversial questions that come along with the topic that need to be answered such as: Are nuclear hazards any different from any 20th ere hazards that we accept everyday such as driving a vehicle or flying in a plane? Can uncle ear rower production be kept safe from natural disasters (Fuchsia for example e)? Where and how will the nuclear waste be stored and is it possible for it to be recycle d? How would the waste be transported without the threat of terrorism? What is the a average price tag for a nuclear plant to be built, worked, and maintained? Are the risks of nuclear Donaldson 2 power worth the investment in the long run? These questions I feel like are the e most important subtopics that go along with this argument. My opposition fits into my argument because it allows both the reader and I t o be ware of the possible risks and facts that come along with nuclear energy. ME letdowns, natural disasters, human error in the plant, hazards of operating a nuclear pill NT with communities nearby, terrorist threats, possible exposure to nuclear radiation and a high cost to build/maintain a working nuclear reactor. For the outline of paper, the introduction will be fairly basic. Giving a small amount of basic background information on nuclear energy/ power, such as how a nuclear plant works and the process of how the uranium or other radioactive element is used to produce energy. End the introduction with a thesis, something along he lines of With the adoption of nuclear power as a primary power source, the world WI I benefit greatly as opposed to the continuation of burning fossil fuels. In the body of he argument, I will be answering the main controversial questions about nuclear power. I will investigate possible hazards of nuclear power plants and how they can be prevented. Safety from natural disasters will be discussed, the geographical action of where a power plant has to be built will have to be taken into consideration. L footer asset from used radioactive elements will have to be addressed, what happen ins to it after it has been used? Where is it transported to afterwards? How is it trans orated in the first place? Are the workers transporting the used elements considered SE fee from the radiation? Lastly, would the hazardous risk of building a nuclear power pill NT be worth the initial investment? Donaldson 3 Donaldson 4 Annotated Bibliography Celery, Daniel. Nuclear industry dares to dream of a new dawn; reactor build RSI think that fossil fuel prices and climate fears will revive nuclear power. But will now reactor designs overcome the concerns of utilities and the public? Science. Opposing Viewpoints. 19 Gag. 2005. Web. 20 March 2015. Celery article in summary was about how with natural gas prices on the rise a ND stocks of oil are going down, new energy options are being looked at, nuclear energy being one of them. With the need of new energy sources, nuclear energy cool d see a renaissance emerge. However for this to happen, nations would like to see s impel and safe ways to operate the reactors with ease. A point that stood out in the article were how U. S. Reactor builders arent necessarily looking into the long run of nuclear energy, but only the short term m. These builders need to think about how nuclear energy will be working in the next c people hundred years, not a couple decades. I would use this source in my argument to facilitate my discussion on how nee w forms of energy needed to be used, specifically nuclear energy. Luther Carter, Lake Barrett, Kenneth Rogers. Nuclear Waste Disposal: Showed own at Yucca Mountain. Issues in Science and Technology. Opposing Viewpoints. Web. 20 March 2015. This article was about how congress and other political groups are against building a geological repository. Carter, Barrett, and Rogers went into detail a bout how Donaldson 5 the repository would be used, what it would store, how long it would be used for, and where it was going to be built. Congress and other political groups keep denying the license for this repository from being built, but Novenas Nee County (which is the host country of Yucca Mountain), believe it is safe and an economic asset. Old be using this source to talk about how nuclear waste would be stored, cycled, and disposed of. Moore, Patrick. Nuclear Power is the Most secure Form of Energy. Coal. Opposing Viewpoints. 2011. Web. 20 March 2015. In Moors interview, he clears up the fog about nuclear energy. He states that there has never been a member of the public injured from nuclear reactors in the united states, nuclear reactors are built to withstand an impact from a 747, and uncle produces no regulated air emissions. In fact coal releases more radiation than nuclear power plants. Nuclear energy has a higher capital cost than fossil energy plants, but a lower operation cost once it is established. In the long run, a nuclear power plant WI II pay itself off and produces cleaner energy than fossil energy plants. When expansion of a nuclear power plant is needed, most sites already have room for extra reactors actual Ii. Also, nuclear energy has several forms Of fuel, uranium, which is the most common fuel being used currently, plutonium, and thorium. Thorium is the most abundant uncle AR element proven to be able to be used for nuclear energy. Donaldson 6 would incorporate this into my paper when I would bring up safety issues in he U. S. Regarding nuclear power plants in the past, terrorism, and capital plus pop aerating costs to run nuclear power plant. Taylor, John. The Nuclear Power Bargain. Opposing Viewpoints. Web. 20 March 2015. Tailors article about nuclear power touches on several controversial topics about nuclear energy such as: waste management, who uses nuclear energy and how much of the nation is powered by it, and how nuclear energy could be compete dative with todays fuel sources.

Person vs. Persona

Person vs. Persona Person vs. Persona Person vs. Persona By Maeve Maddox A reader asks for â€Å"some analysis between person and persona.† Both words derive from an ancient Latin word that originally referred to the theatrical mask worn by an actor. In time, the word came to refer to the character played by the actor wearing the mask. The characters in a play are still referred to as â€Å"dramatis personae,† (â€Å"persons of a drama†). From the context of the theater, persona spread to the law courts to describe an individual who possessed certain rights under the law. Historically, both persona and person have functioned with the same or similar meanings that have included: any human being an important person a person of the Trinity grammatical person juridical person character in a play In 19th century usage, the word person was sometimes used to refer to people of low social class. Servants announcing callers in novels of the time distinguish between gentlemen, ladies, and persons. Even today, speakers often use person as a distancing expression: â€Å"that person who calls herself my friend.† Generally, person is used to refer to a hypothetical individual or to one who is not known personally. Here are some typical uses: Cigarette smoking Brazilian man may be world’s oldest person at 126 years old How does multiple sclerosis change a persons life? [To prepare for emergency] identify an out-of-area contact person that your family can call and get in touch with one another. In general usage, persona is used to refer to the personality that an individual projects in public. In a literary context, a persona is an assumed role adopted by a writer or by a performer. In the psychology of Carl Jung, the persona is the outer or assumed aspect of character, the set of attitudes adopted by an individual to fit a perceived social role; the opposite is the true inner personality, what Jung called the anima. Here are examples of modern uses of the word persona: My therapist has changed her persona. Ariana Grande’s fans had their worlds rocked this week when Ariana revealed that she was changing her persona for her next album. Tom Hanks traces his charming, guy-next-door persona all the way back to high school.   Brand personas are your personality attributes-and if you’re an entrepreneurand have created a business, then they’re the qualities that can define your corporate brand as well. T.S. Eliot creates a persona to mask his emotional immaturity [in] â€Å"Hysteria.† [Ezra Pound] sometimes appears to share the sentiments of the poem’s persona, making for an interesting ambiguity.   The  persona, for Swiss psychologist  Carl Jung, was the social face the individual presented to the world- â€Å"a kind of  mask, designed on the one hand to make a definite impression upon others, and on the other to conceal the true nature of the individual.† Note: In the expression â€Å"persona non grata†, persona does mean person: a â€Å"persona non grata† is an unwelcome or unwanted person: Israel to declare Robert Serry persona non grata Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"One Fell SwoopHow Verbs Become Adjectives

Essay on Exam Experiment and Eucalyptus Oil

Essay on Exam Experiment and Eucalyptus Oil Essay on Exam: Experiment and Eucalyptus Oil Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to prepare the Diels-Alder adduct of the unknown conjugated diene in â€Å"eucalyptus oil†, separate the adduct, and identify the unknown diene from the melting point of its adduct Experimental Method Measure 10ml of anhydrous diethyl ether, and 5g eucalyptus oil, 3.61g powdered maleic anhydrous. Then mixed them together, the color turn a neon yellow. Reflux on the steam bath water for 45 minutes with aluminum foil covered the round bottom flask. Transfer the mixture into a small Erlenmerer flask when it warms. Cover the flask with watch glass and let it cool down to room temperature. The mixture of white and yellow crystal was formed when it reached room temperature. The crystals were isolated by vacuum filtration and washed with cold low boiling petroleum ether. The crude crystal were purified by dissolving the adduct in dry methanol and allowing the adduct to recrystallize. The mass of product was 5.56g and the melting point was range from 98-100.5C Discussion / Conclusion He melting point The purpose of this experiment was to prepare the Diels-Alder adduct of the unknown conjugated diene in â€Å"eucalyptus oil†, separate the adduct, and identify the unknown diene from the melting point of its adductof the adduct proved that the diene in the eucalyptus oil was phellandrene For the Introduction: State the nature of the project and the approach to answering the question. For the Experimental section: Give a brief summary in your own words of the procedure, weaving in your observations/results, in as clear and concise a manner as possible. Include masses and millimoles for reactants and products, solvent volumes, etc., with values in parentheses after the substance name. Do not copy an experimental procedure from a book or give a blow by blow restatement of your notebook. Include any data from physical or chemical characterizations done on your end product. Data should be inserted in the Experiemtal where it was collected. Data includes MP, BP, IR, NMR, GC data, etc. % yield or % recovery should be included at each point you were measured material mass. This section should reflect your attached notebook pages. I don’t care if the notebook pages are messy (poorly written, mark throughs, spills, etc.). Notebooks are not to be rewritten, polished, or â€Å"prettied up.† They should accurately reflect the work performed as it is performed, a â€Å"real time† narrative. Remember, notebooks are considered admissible evidence in patent disputes in courts of law. A messy book is more believable than one that looks â€Å"copied.† For the Discussion / Conclusion section: Give a brief summary of your findings. Include an analysis from comparing your product characterization data to literature values. Did you get the product expected? In good yield? Why or why not? Suggestions for improvements? Follow on work? Wrap your experiment into a cool little package here. Well written, clear conclusion. Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to prepare the Diels-Alder adduct of the unknown conjugated diene in â€Å"eucalyptus oil†, separate the adduct, and identify the unknown diene from the melting point of its adduct Experimental Method Measure 10ml of anhydrous diethyl ether, and 5g eucalyptus oil, 3.61g powdered maleic anhydrous. Then mixed them together, the color turn a neon yellow. Reflux on the steam bath water for 45 minutes with aluminum foil covered the round bottom flask. Transfer the mixture into a small Erlenmerer flask when it warms. Cover the flask with watch glass and let it cool down to room temperature. The mixture of white and yellow crystal was formed when it reached room temperature. The crystals were isolated by vacuum filtration and washed with cold low boiling petroleum ether. The crude crystal were purified by dissolving the adduct in dry

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Writer's choice - Essay Example The draft ensured that these young men were enlisted in the military force. It was compulsory the young men to be in the military as the few in the military and the volunteers could not sum up to a number that would ensure the country’s safety. Refusal of anyone to be inducted to the military, would lead to severe consequences, like lack of jobs and funds for college. This way, most young people joined the military, trained and when wars came up, they went out to fight for their nation. Thus, the government ensured that they had a strong enough military for wars like the world war. The military draft today should not be upheld. It is a draft that was used a long time ago for reasons that were important to the state. However, today, retaining the military draft would lead to more negative effects than positive ones. The government has discussed the draft a few times in congress. Coming back to the draft would lead to losses like jeopardizing the futures of most young people; wars are less today and more funds would be used to ensure that the ones, who enrolled, were maintained. These are but a few reasons that would make the draft a heavy task. First, it is important to note that the military draft was helpful back then due to the reoccurrence of wars and because the military had few people. However, the military today has had quite a success. So many people have volunteered to join the military as an occupation. The number of people in the military force is not little. This is one of the reasons why upholding the draft would not be necessary (Scherer 2). The military has enough people who are experienced and well trained and are ready to fight for the country in case of anything. The force already fully represents the nation well, thus retrying the draft would not be important. Secondly, the draft would require the government to spend so much, which is unnecessary. As said earlier, the draft required so many people to enroll to the military.

Walter williams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Walter williams - Essay Example If compensations were to be made, then apology becomes meaningless since it becomes a two-way business in which first the slave owners and sellers benefited and now the descendants of the slaves are benefiting. Apology means regret, not compensation. In this context, the disclaimer placed at the end of the resolution is justified. If the government does not pay, payment retrieved from any other community will raise substantial issues which will be graver than the need to compensate the descendants of the slaves. It is Williams’s fallacy that he has declared that the American government retrieves all the money it has from Americans. This is so untrue! The American government is not running on taxes paid by Americans alone. There are millions of Asians, Europeans, Arabs, and workers belonging to other nations who have not been granted the green card and yet they are earning in the USA and part of their payment goes to the American government. Besides, the American government is earning a lot of money by doing business with the Arabs in general and the KSA in particular. There are several other sources of income for the American

Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Assignment 1 - Essay Example The company commands about 8 percent of the US TV households (Media General, 2013). The company donates funds to various community programs and helps in highlighting social problems through some of the documentaries (Media General, 2013). Accordingly, employees have an opportunity of volunteering their time in community service. The company is also committed to conserving the environment through recycling and limiting the use of natural resources like water and oil (Media General, 2013). However, the company must improve on the social performance through ensuring diversity in the workforce through recruiting more individuals from the minority ethnic groups in the society. In addition, Media General, Inc must allocate about 10 percent of its net income towards additional employment benefits and corporate social responsibility initiatives. There are several stakeholders in the organization. There are both primary and secondary stakeholders. The primary stakeholders have a direct and co ntractual relationship with the organization and include the shareholders, government, employees, customers, advertisers, business partners, and creditors (Kottler, 2012). The shareholders are the providers of capital while customers create demand for the company products. The creditors provide debt finance while the government provides for the legal framework for reinforcing the business contracts and security of organizational assets (Kottler, 2012). The advertisers provide revenues while business partners assist in various forms such as provision of telecommunication infrastructure and managerial expertise. The employees provide the human talent, skills and knowledge that are needed in executing the operations of the organization (Polonsky, 2005). The secondary stakeholders do not have a contractual and direct relationship with the company, but they desire the organization to adhere to certain social expectations. The secondary stakeholders include the public, the labor unions, a cademic and research institutions and special interest groups. The labor unions expect the organization to adhere to labor laws while special interest groups like minority groups expect the company to ensure diversity in the staff. Advocacy groups like environmental conservation groups expect the company to exert efforts in minimizing pollution, highlighting social problems like disasters and child labor (Polonsky, 2005). Academic and research institutions expect the organization to contribute towards creating employment while the general public members are interested in the long term existence of the company. There is a trade-off among the interests of various stakeholders in the organization. It is my duty as the CEO to harmonize the conflicting interests of stakeholders and ensure the organization meets its goals of improving the social performance (Kottler, 2012). For instance, the shareholders expect a higher than average rate of return on their investment in the company. The b usiness partners and advertisers expect representation in decision-making. On the other hand, employees expect the company to adhere with their contractual agreements, pay high salaries and offer additional benefits (Kottler, 2012). The customers expect appealing news and continuous provision of new information. In this regard, the stakeholders can either facilitate or

Wernher Von Braun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wernher Von Braun - Essay Example Working as an assistant to a German scientist known as Hermann Oberth, Von Braun was fascinated by the experiments they carried out on liquid-fueled rockets. He pursued his ambition and dream and propelled aviation and the world beyond the humble, early stages of rocketry to the planets and the moon. He had a vision to widen mankind’s knowledge by exploring space and opening the terrestrial world to mankind. His efforts and contributions had, and continue to have, great impacts on the aviation industry and the world at large. As the leader of the team that developed Germany’s rocket program, he even drew criticism for contributing to the negativities during the second world war. This essay will address the way his work has affected and contributed to aviation and the world. Von Braun’s achievements make him the most prominent, even if not the first, spaceflight advocate and rocket engineer of the 20th century. To date, his research, dedication and hard work are s till considered the blueprint of peaceful space exploration and moon landings (Neufeld 7). His presence in the aviation industry began with the German army, and his association with the Peenemunde Rocket Center put him in the limelight of the world’s primary rocket program. At the rocket center, Von Braun and his team received more facilities than their predecessors in aviation who had designed aircraft for military purposes. After his successful launch of what was initially called the A-4 missile, the Nazi took special interest in him and started mass production, where he led the team that designed combat rockets for the army (Ward 14). The design of the rocket, later renamed V-2, was created and developed by Von Braun as the technical director of the space center. It featured a missile that carried its own oxidant as well as fuel, a key aspect in modern day aviation technology as it became the immediate model used by present day Russia and the United States in space explora tions (Neufeld 16). The downside of this development, though, was that critics have faulted him for developing weapons of mass destruction that unleashed vengeance on civilian populations (Petersen 21). However, apart from that single angle of criticism, the rest of his contributions affected aviation and the world positively, because he never intended his developments to be used against humans, as he was a staunch Christian as well. The V-2 rocket became Von Braun’s most significant contribution to the development of rocket technology (Nelson 29). It pioneered operational, guided missiles in the world under his direction, setting in motion the development of the present day space travel and ballistic missiles. Through his projects, he influenced his team to great understanding of rocket propulsion, guidance systems and aerodynamics, and his concepts are still in use to date. His work influenced the contemporary space launch vehicle and the missile expertise in the United Sta tes, China, Russia, Britain and France (Nelson 35). To mankind and the world, he contributed towards alleviating the disastrous effects of the bombings of the second world war. He was against the use of his developments to attack humanity. He voiced his opposition against war policies in Germany and led his team of scientists and their families in fleeing to the United States. The significance of the fleeing was that the mass production of the V-2 rockets in Germany could not progress much without his input, effectively cutting down the assault on civilians. This was achieved by surrendering themselves to American forces, where they were granted permission to carry on with their rocket research programs under the watch of the United States government (Petersen 19). The German space

Ecology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ecology - Essay Example Global warming is however beginning to have significant impact on this insect. This impact may as yet not be dramatic for decades but a clue of what is in the offing, if unchecked, is already visible in the study of this insect. A major contributing factor to the issue of global warming is the dependence of industrial sectors on fossil fuels which are rich in carbon and when burned combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide. The Sinai Baton Blue butterfly is found in the terrestrial ecosystems around the globe. Unfortunately global warming is having a very harmful effect on the Natural habitat of this butterfly. This butterfly must maintain a level of interaction with its abiotic environment in order to survive. Proteins and nucleic acids are essential nutrients to this insect and the growth of plants from which it derives these nutrients is being severely hampered by the reduction in nitrogen in the soil. Nitrogen fixation by decomposers is already being affected by global warming. Also affected in its terrestrial ecosystems is the water cycle, over 90 Percent of the moisture that enters the ecosystem passes through plants and evaporates from their leaves. A reduction In soil nitrogen therefore affects the water cycle. The earths rising temperature are beginning very noticeable impact on this butterfly. Its ecosystems are changing on the individual, population and community levels. At the individual level of its ecology this butterfly may not survive in a region above certain degrees in termperature.the change being witnessed now is an estimated average of 0.6C within the last 100 years. It therefore implies that with the current rate in global warming more drastic changes will occur that will lead to the outright extinction of this butterfly. The Sinai Baton blues are beginning to breed and migrate earlier than expected. They have shifted ranges northward by 200km in Europe and north America-a pole ward shift and as well movement towards higher elevations. In the next 50 years the Sinai Baton Blue Butterfly will have migrated to areas, which were uninhabitable to it in the past. Another area where the potential effect of global warming will be felt greatly are the categories of plant it helps pollinate. Plants are among the slow movers in reaction to changes in global warming. a direct implication therefore will be extinction of large numbers of plant species. As more and more of this butterflies jostle for the available conducive habitat, a trend will set in-the survival of the fittest. This happens because the population will continue to rise without limit thus ensuing gross overcrowding and the habitat becomes saturated with the butterflies as it reaches its full carrying capacity and can support no more, thus leading to invariable reduction in population. Global warming also has the potential to decrease the diversity of the butterfly, which occurs when their habitat is drastically altered. Interactions among these butterflies and other species also result. In conclusion the current rate of global warming is very disturbing. Severe stress and pressure is being mounted on the butterfly and there is an urgent need to quickly find ways of reducing the harmful impact of the

A Taste of Honey by Shelagh Delaney Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A Taste of Honey by Shelagh Delaney - Essay Example There is no attempt to connect the play to a wider social world, by 'argument' (characters do not debate the issues between themselves); nor does the play articulate a position on that world (there is no obvious authorial 'point of view' on display); nor, despite the contextual readings, does Delaney exploit the metonymic function of the characters, action or set, but rather the issues are visible in the texture of the personal relationships themselves. Stuart Hall noted this aspect of the play: Delaney is not at all self-conscious about her ability to portray Salford life but she accepts this as a framework for what she is really interested in communicating-her extraordinarily fine and subtle feel for personal relationships. No themes or ideas external to the play disturb its inner form: her values are all intensive. A Taste of Honey is remarkable partly because it breaks a number of racial and sexual taboos: Jo's lover is a black sailor and her flat-mate is homosexual, and the main action of the play is the journey into motherhood of a young, unmarried teenager. It is not simply that these things are represented, but that they are represented positively-that the form of the play elicits sympathy for characters that come to us heavy with connotations, who are part of a world that we 'read about every Sunday in the News of the World'. It is precisely such socially marginal and 'a-typical' characters with which the Wolfenden Report-and the press debate that followed it-was so concerned. The action of the play is contained by a 'comfortless flat', and the stage space is clearly marked as domestic. It is, however, an interior in which all the domestic activities are potentially on display; the kitchen area, the double bed, the living and eating areas-these are all visible, delineating a whole 'way of life' in its routines and chores. Very little conventional domestic activity actually takes place in this space, though, and when it does, it is not performed by characters who inhabit traditional roles. This is part of a complex series of reversals and oppositions in the play, in which expected connections are severed. The mother figure, Helen, is very unlike a 'mother', having no domestic abilities, being feckless and sexually active. The caring role is taken initially by Jo, the daughter, and then by Geoff, a man who displays none of the conventional 'male' attributes. The nearest to a white, male, heterosexual gender norm in the play is to be found in Peter, Helen's l over and fianc, who is presented as a lecher and a drunk. The three central characters are all potentially sexually active, and the two women become so. However, sex is destructive to happiness in the world of the play-as it is in Look Back in Anger. It separates mother and daughter (Helen's marriage to Peter) and leaves Jo with a baby. Jo's relationship with Geoff is only possible because it is without sex. The only moments of genuine difficulty between them are when sex is involved; Jo's demand that Geoff tell her what he does with

Wernher Von Braun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wernher Von Braun - Essay Example Working as an assistant to a German scientist known as Hermann Oberth, Von Braun was fascinated by the experiments they carried out on liquid-fueled rockets. He pursued his ambition and dream and propelled aviation and the world beyond the humble, early stages of rocketry to the planets and the moon. He had a vision to widen mankind’s knowledge by exploring space and opening the terrestrial world to mankind. His efforts and contributions had, and continue to have, great impacts on the aviation industry and the world at large. As the leader of the team that developed Germany’s rocket program, he even drew criticism for contributing to the negativities during the second world war. This essay will address the way his work has affected and contributed to aviation and the world. Von Braun’s achievements make him the most prominent, even if not the first, spaceflight advocate and rocket engineer of the 20th century. To date, his research, dedication and hard work are s till considered the blueprint of peaceful space exploration and moon landings (Neufeld 7). His presence in the aviation industry began with the German army, and his association with the Peenemunde Rocket Center put him in the limelight of the world’s primary rocket program. At the rocket center, Von Braun and his team received more facilities than their predecessors in aviation who had designed aircraft for military purposes. After his successful launch of what was initially called the A-4 missile, the Nazi took special interest in him and started mass production, where he led the team that designed combat rockets for the army (Ward 14). The design of the rocket, later renamed V-2, was created and developed by Von Braun as the technical director of the space center. It featured a missile that carried its own oxidant as well as fuel, a key aspect in modern day aviation technology as it became the immediate model used by present day Russia and the United States in space explora tions (Neufeld 16). The downside of this development, though, was that critics have faulted him for developing weapons of mass destruction that unleashed vengeance on civilian populations (Petersen 21). However, apart from that single angle of criticism, the rest of his contributions affected aviation and the world positively, because he never intended his developments to be used against humans, as he was a staunch Christian as well. The V-2 rocket became Von Braun’s most significant contribution to the development of rocket technology (Nelson 29). It pioneered operational, guided missiles in the world under his direction, setting in motion the development of the present day space travel and ballistic missiles. Through his projects, he influenced his team to great understanding of rocket propulsion, guidance systems and aerodynamics, and his concepts are still in use to date. His work influenced the contemporary space launch vehicle and the missile expertise in the United Sta tes, China, Russia, Britain and France (Nelson 35). To mankind and the world, he contributed towards alleviating the disastrous effects of the bombings of the second world war. He was against the use of his developments to attack humanity. He voiced his opposition against war policies in Germany and led his team of scientists and their families in fleeing to the United States. The significance of the fleeing was that the mass production of the V-2 rockets in Germany could not progress much without his input, effectively cutting down the assault on civilians. This was achieved by surrendering themselves to American forces, where they were granted permission to carry on with their rocket research programs under the watch of the United States government (Petersen 19). The German space

A Taste of Honey by Shelagh Delaney Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A Taste of Honey by Shelagh Delaney - Essay Example There is no attempt to connect the play to a wider social world, by 'argument' (characters do not debate the issues between themselves); nor does the play articulate a position on that world (there is no obvious authorial 'point of view' on display); nor, despite the contextual readings, does Delaney exploit the metonymic function of the characters, action or set, but rather the issues are visible in the texture of the personal relationships themselves. Stuart Hall noted this aspect of the play: Delaney is not at all self-conscious about her ability to portray Salford life but she accepts this as a framework for what she is really interested in communicating-her extraordinarily fine and subtle feel for personal relationships. No themes or ideas external to the play disturb its inner form: her values are all intensive. A Taste of Honey is remarkable partly because it breaks a number of racial and sexual taboos: Jo's lover is a black sailor and her flat-mate is homosexual, and the main action of the play is the journey into motherhood of a young, unmarried teenager. It is not simply that these things are represented, but that they are represented positively-that the form of the play elicits sympathy for characters that come to us heavy with connotations, who are part of a world that we 'read about every Sunday in the News of the World'. It is precisely such socially marginal and 'a-typical' characters with which the Wolfenden Report-and the press debate that followed it-was so concerned. The action of the play is contained by a 'comfortless flat', and the stage space is clearly marked as domestic. It is, however, an interior in which all the domestic activities are potentially on display; the kitchen area, the double bed, the living and eating areas-these are all visible, delineating a whole 'way of life' in its routines and chores. Very little conventional domestic activity actually takes place in this space, though, and when it does, it is not performed by characters who inhabit traditional roles. This is part of a complex series of reversals and oppositions in the play, in which expected connections are severed. The mother figure, Helen, is very unlike a 'mother', having no domestic abilities, being feckless and sexually active. The caring role is taken initially by Jo, the daughter, and then by Geoff, a man who displays none of the conventional 'male' attributes. The nearest to a white, male, heterosexual gender norm in the play is to be found in Peter, Helen's l over and fianc, who is presented as a lecher and a drunk. The three central characters are all potentially sexually active, and the two women become so. However, sex is destructive to happiness in the world of the play-as it is in Look Back in Anger. It separates mother and daughter (Helen's marriage to Peter) and leaves Jo with a baby. Jo's relationship with Geoff is only possible because it is without sex. The only moments of genuine difficulty between them are when sex is involved; Jo's demand that Geoff tell her what he does with

Co-Benefits Analysis of Air Pollution and GHG Emissions for Hyderabad Essay Example for Free

Co-Benefits Analysis of Air Pollution and GHG Emissions for Hyderabad Essay In-country research teams, guided by policymakers and assisted by USA counterparts, identify key policy objectives and a range of conventional and innovative policy measures. The team analyzes the potential co-benefits of selected mitigation strategies and makes recommendations that inform policy decisions. Co-benefits analysis, outlined in Figure have primarily focused on estimating the human health benefits resulting from air quality improvements associated with increased use of clean energy technologies and measures. IES analysis could be extended to quantify additional benefits, such as economic development impacts (e. g. , job creation, trade balance) and reduced traffic congestion.

Hack man and old hams Job Characteristic model

Hack man and old hams Job Characteristic model (JCM) has been used extensively for a long time as a outline to understanding five key charachteristics to promote satidfaction and motivation within a work place. These five factors are skill variety, taks identity, task significance autonomy and feedback from the job (Hackman and Oldham 1976) these characteristics in turn promote psychological states experience of meaningfulness, experience of outcome responsibility, and knowledge of results of work (Hackman and Oldham 1976). These states subsequently effect the outcomes; work motivation, performance, satisfaction within the work, low absenteeism, and turnover (Hackman and Oldham 1976). Hackman and Oldham proposed that when these five job characteristics and the work outcomes are combined to find motivating potential score (MVS), which can then be used measure the job will affect employees satisfaction, behavior , and desire to grow within their job. This theory was used as a framework for many years, generating a great deal of research. As a whole the JCM does maintain the prediction that when a worker is motivated, satisfied , and their performance is high, they see their job as high within The five key job characteristics, and mediates a more positive physical state. (Fried and Ferris 1986). However the JCM comes under scrutiny, due to the distinctiveness of the five job characteristics that it uses, it doesnt approach the job with the certainty that it can be changed. Within the five core characteristics Hackman and Oldham (1967) failed to recognize important features within a work place such as the social envirmonment and work context (Humphreys et al 2007) One of the limitations to the JCM that needed looking into more detail was the mediation of critical psychological states(CPS). Fried and Ferris (1987) found that although the JCM has stimulated over 250 published studies, only eight of these studies included the CPS. Hackman and Oldham originally stated that the CPS would each separately act as mediators, however Oldham(1996) later corrected this by stating that the true mediation model is different. Johns et al (1992) also backed this statement in their earlier research suggesting that experienced meaning was a particularly encompassing psychological state and it served as a mediator for all five motivational characteristics (Johns et al 1992 in Humphrey et al 2007 )Johns et al (1992) was not suggesting that the other states should be taken out but each contributes in their own way to the mediation development. Since Hackmans and Oldhams (1976) theory, other researchers have expanded on the JCM, as although it was evolutionary in expanding the understanding of occupational psychology it was also very limited. Humphreys (2007) meta analysis is a good example of this, as it has found enchanced characteristics than the initial core five that Hackman and Oldham (1976) came up with. One of the first important factors accounting for motivation which was stated earlier the social environment and work context (Humphrey et al 2007) both incrementally predicted enchanced motivation and positive behavior better than the original five core characteristics. Humohrey expanded on the importance of social environment, observing that social characteristics are extremely important factors to promote a positive environment at work motivational qualities, well beingness, and how meaningful the work is to the employee( Myers 1999). Because these characteristics reduce the likeliness of negative events happening at the work place, they therefore reduce the job stress on the employee. These are extremely imrotant factors in promoting occuopational health as Adler anKwon (2002 in Humphrey et al 2007 ) found that they also increase motivation and prosocial work behavior, promoting resilence, security , and positive moos on the job. When redesigning jobs, consultants might look at social characteristics such as organized team work, which promotes interdependence between associates. Furthermore interdependence offers social support and a network of co workers and supervisors to assist fellow employees and offer support when needed. This network of support also offers role identity and deal with concerns they have More generally working in a team just sustains the opportunity for social interaction, researchers have now started to emphasize the significance of team work and interdependence (Arthur, Edwards, Bell, Villado Bennet 2005). This also helps to clarify which roles the particular person fills. Which in turn allows for feedback to enhance perception of the individuals responsibility within a role . Biddle (1979 in Humphreys et al 2007) emphasized that social characteristics should improve and develop role awareness as employees roles become more evident with more contact with other people. Furthermore soci al characteristics enable interections between employees allowing them to learn from one another and gain valuable experience, that can only be sought from face to face interactions. This facilitates the employees to transfer implicit and explicit knowledge, so they can perform more effectively (Humphreys 2007). If employees find the social environment they work in to pbe a positive atmosphere and somewhere they like to work then there will be reduced absenteeism, and will want to carry on working for their employer or organization. Additionally as part of being in a group or team, jobs often require leadership, and group leadership ivolves teams with assorted skills from different division of an organization sucha s cross funsctional teams. Team work envolves sharing leadership roles, or envoles rotating different leaders, allowing team members to gain more experience and elevate power (Bens 2006)   Following this Humphreys et al (2007) found that work context actually accounts for more varience than social environment, Humphreys et al (2007) specifically looked at three work context characteristics these are physical demands, work conditions, and ergonomics. Physical demands indicate the actual amount of physical exertion or activity is required for the job This also looks at how much stamina, patience and activity one has to do with the job and if it is satisfactory for the individual. work conditions examines the physical environment that the employees work in, such as ; health hazards, temperature and noise (Edwards Scully and Brtek 1999). Ergonomics shows if the work allow for travel, stance and movement. All three of these characteristics take into account how the job is designed in terms of biological concerns(Campion 1988). If these three characteristics dont work in synergyand complement each other then the job will be physically unpleasant, and the employees will not find working there to be a positive experience, and absentee levels will rise. Following Hackman and Oldhams theory,. Humphreys meta analysis has allowed us to pinpoint specific out comes, and see where more research needs to take place in order to throuroughly and successfully redesign jobs to promote better health. However it also highlights gaps in research, still the outcomes are unknown and a gnereic model cannot always be used due to individual characteristics, it can only be used to pinpoint specific relationships. Bond and Bunce (2001)s longitudinal study, was a quasi experiment measured job stressers and strain using the occupational stress indicatior, job control, self rated performance and sickness absence, with participants that were particularly stressed within middle management employees working for a government minister, and a very strict control group. A Parcipitative action research program (PAR) was put in place to reduce the employees amount of stress. On the basis of Bond and Bunce (2001) findings , the comitee involved decided to develop proposals and action plans to increase workers jobcontrol over three problem areas: assignment distribution procedures, within-unit consultation and communication, and informal performance feedback(Bond and Bunce 2001). Subsequently in agreement with PAR the committee offered everyone in the different units a chance to give their opinion, and discuss the changes that they would like to improve the occupational health within the company, before the stratagies were finalized. And each Par unit had to meet specific goals set by the committee. The study found that giving the individual some power by being involved in the job redesign gives the indiviaul more job satisfaction. Furthermore it was the longitudinal and quasi experiment to prove that a work restructuring interventeion can reduce stress in the work place and mental health (Bond and Bunce 2001). However there are some problems with this experiment as it lack generalizability due to its common source bias, as the study has asked the individual and it is self report,a job analysis may have beena a better option when redesigning the work place as the results can be generalized more easily. However Bond and Bunces (2001) study is extremely interesting and shows progression in occupational health psychology. In conclusion Hackman and Oldhams (1967) study was very influential in occupational health psychology, and although now it can be criticised greatly for its limitations it is a framework that has just been improved upon time after time, promotiong mediation in job redesign throughout all occupations to make it more positive for the employee.  · ^ Ingrid Bens (2006). Facilitating to Lead. Jossey-Bass.  

Juvenile Justice: Age and Judicial Culpability Essay -- Criminal Justi

This paper will first define culpability, explore its various levels and examine how it is used during sentencing. Next, this paper will examine literature that supports the belief that age is not the key factor in determining culpability and should not be used to determine guilt or innocence during trial. Finally, this paper will suggest that trying juveniles as adults and remanding them into adult facilities is ineffective at decreasing juvenile crime rates. These issues will be reviewed to determine if physical (chronological) age is a justifiable cause to lessen culpability or an excuse used to mask the ineffective research efforts of lawmakers. Culpability has long been defined as a legal term that is used by judicial officials to describe the level of responsibility each person has for a crime Giedd et al (1999). Prosecutors use courtroom jargon such as culpability based on physical age as a legal excuse to persuade courtroom officials to reduce sentences for juvenile offenders. Studies taken from Corriero (2007) revealed that a â€Å"normal† child can decipher right from wrong as early as the age of 2 physical years but it may take up to 1 additional year for an abnormal child to develop that same unit of cognitive measure. This statement suggests that although it may take longer for anâ€Å"abnormal† child to reach the same level of understanding mentally, one calendar year does not have to open the door for lessened criminal liability. This raises the chronological age of normal children and lessens the age of abnormal children in many cases. For example, a 14 year old (chronological age) child can have t he mental age of a 6 year old or vice versa. Juvenile accountability varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction throughout the ... ...dies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition Vol. 80, No. 1 (Oct., 1995), pp. 41-49 Smit, D. (2005) The Abolition of Capital Punishment for Persons Under the Age of Eighteen Years in the United States of America. What Next? Oxford Journals Law Human Rights Law Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pp. 393-401 Staniels, J. (1995) Grading Culpability at Sentencing: The Example of Sentencing Entrapment: Federal Sentencing Reporter Vol. 7, No. 4, Criminal Law Defenses at Sentencing pp. 178-180 Steinberg, L & Scott, E.(2003) Less Guilty by Reason of Adolescence: Developmental Immaturity, Diminished Responsibility, and the Juvenile Death Penalty. American Psychologist, Vol 58(12), 1009-1018 Winter, H ( 2006)The Economics of Crime: An Introduction to Rational Crime Analysis 5th and 14th Amendment Retrieved from www.findlaw.com October 29, 2011

The Squire in The Caterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer :: Canterbury Tales Chaucer Essays

The Squire in The Caterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer In the General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales, the narrator, Geoffrey Chaucer, meets twenty nine pilgrims at the Southwark at the Tabard Inn. They are all going to Canterbury Cathedral to visit the shrine of Sir Thomas Becket. Chaucer decides to tag along, taking some time to describe each pilgrim. The author uses many metaphors, personal histories, and examples of how they would act in certain situations to fully describe the characters in the story. However, some of the pilgrims are given only a few lines of direct description in a very straightforward, visual manner. One of the characters in the tales is Squire, who gets only twenty lines of details, focusing on his appearance, his abilities, and his sexuality. The physical description of the Squire illustrates him as if he was a Roman statue, or taken from a chivalric romance. Chaucer describes his " lokkes crulle as they were leyd in presse"(Norton, 83), average height, great strength, "Of twenty yeer of age he was" (Norton, 83), bravery and cleverness. The author illustrates Squire's youth "as fressh as is the month of may." (Norton, 83). The dress of the squire is colorful, embroidered with flowers, short with large sleeves. He is very talented, too. Chaucer dedicates some lines in the poem to the squire's skills - horsemanship, jousting, sketching, dancing, song and verse writing: "Wel koude he sitte on hors and faire ryde./ He koude songes make and wel endite,/ Juste and eek daunce, and weel purtreye and write." (Norton, 83). The physical illustration of Squire is carefully surrounded by sexual references. The author tells us in his poem that the young character is "a lovere and a lusty bacheler"(Norton, 83), who loves so hotly that he sleeps at night "namoore than dooth a nyghtyngale"(Norton, 83). Chaucer uses meadows, fresh flowers, and squire's songs as the methphors to represent the character's sexual image that hides under the portrait of the candidate for a knight. Chaucer also refers to the object of squire's chivalry, his lady. The strange thing about Squire's sexuality and his character as a whole is its neutrality. He is illustrated as powerful and effective young knight. It seems however that he is lifeless, like a stone or still statue. The squire's physical characteristics strongly hit the reader's mind, yet not much is understood about Squire. Chaucer even portrays him in a morally neutral manner, he leaves the judgement of the squire to the reader.

Business Plan on Indoor Sports Complex

[Type the document title] [Type the document subtitle] [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. ] 2013 3/28/2013 TabTable of Contents 1. 1 Business Model7 1. 1. 1 Company Overview7 1. 1. 3 Objectives8 1. 1. 4 Mission8 1. 1. 5 Vision8 What is Futsal? 8 1. 1. 6 Facilities9 1. 1. 7 SERVICES10 1. 1. 8 Pitch10 1. 1. 9 Sports Store10 1. 1. 10 Food Court10 1. 2. 1 Concept:11 1. 2. 2 Location11 1. 2. Management12 Company Ownership12 1. 2. 4 Personnel12 2 The marketing Plan13 2. 1 Market Analysis Summary13 2. 2 Market Segmentation14 Consumer Profile15 2. 3 Competition16 2. 3. 1 Competitive Edge16 2. 4 Sales Strategy17 2. 5 Pricing18 2. 6 Sales Strategy18 2. 7 Sales Forecast18 2. 8 Advertising Strategies19 Advertising and promotion:19 2. 9 Timeline20 3 Financials20 3. 1 Financing20 Start-up Funding21 3. 2 S tartup Cost23 Start-up Requirements23 Pro Forma Cash Flow23 4 Conclusions25 5 Bibliographies25 5. 1 Experiences25 LETTER of TRANSMITTAL March 29, 2013 Taufique Hossain (TmT)Lecturer, School of Business North South University Subject: Submission of Group Report. Dear Sir, It is a great pleasure for us to submit this group report on â€Å"Indoor Futsal†. We, Group SHOWTIME worked as a team to prepare the report as you instructed in the class. We are pleased to inform you that we have thoroughly enjoyed working through this group report. It has enabled us to gain valuable knowledge and experience that would help us in our career development. Therefore, we would like to take this opportunity to convey our deep regard for your valuable guidance and sincere inspiration. Also you can read  Business Ethics ComprisesWe hope you will enjoy reading this paper. In presenting this report, we have tried our level best to include all the relevant ideas and the explanations to make the report informative and comprehensive. If you have any query regarding the interpretation of this project feel free to contact us. Thank you for believing in us and giving us this wonderful opportunity. Yours Sincerely, Name – ID – Contact Number ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Our first acknowledge goes to the almighty Allah for giving us the patience and courage to finish this task within its deadline.Then, we cordially thank our respected course instructor, Mr. Taufique Hossain for his continuous guidance and support to make this report possible. He assisted us whenever we needed any help. His generosity and liberality aid us to go further with this report without any hazardous situation. We are deeply indebted to the people who helped us in coming up with this authentic repo rt by taking part in the survey. It was crucial in the preparation of this report. We would like to thank each individual group member. Last but not the least we are very thankful to our family.Without their help this report would not be done so successfully, specially our mothers. We thank them all for their love and trust. Executive Summary This would be an ideal opportunity to paraphrase that philosophy about life and death, and explain why taken in context, rather than flippantly flung down beside a crime of humanity or a human tragedy, that there is both truth and beauty in what Football  is  more than just a game. It is more important than life and death, because it’s purely about life, which is eminently more important than death.But that is to disrobe the sentiment of its context, to be irresponsible with the words. Football is about what you are and how you meet the world, and nothing at all to do with the futility of wasting time considering death. Football is a bout doing all that you can, irrespective of what happens beyond your control. In this city, scarcely do we get the chance to exercise our passion, and even more scarcely do office goers get to get their passion for football alight. That’s where the beauty of indoor futsal comes in. Recognized by the FIFA as the official form of indoor football, it a star in its own rights.It is attractive for youth and middle aged corporate officials, who can exercise their passion for football long after the sun has gone down. After many arranged tournaments in the impromptu indoor sports complexes, there begs to be an organized solution for enthusiasts in this sport. That’s where â€Å"Sportsvana† comes in. It blends virtues of traditional football with an unprecedented package. We will offer a fully functioning sport store, sports rental, and food court and foosball table at our premises. Of those who are just about crazy for football, we offer an immersive experience bar an y other.Even if you like a game in your playstation better, we dare to convert you. On the other side, it functions in its legal form as a partnership business, and its marketing channels, promotions and financial projections are shown in the proposal. We blend innovative marketing technique with a truly unique USP, and our strong suit is being able bond with people, being enthusiasts and players as well. That said, there is a need to upgrade the market to suit women’s needs as well, and we will see to regularly hosting women’s futsal tournament, and make it as popular as women basketball or handball in this country.With the mission and vision on our sight, we cannot but be hopeful of our future, building a greater tomorrow with this harmonious sport. 1. 1 Organizational Plan 1. 1 Business Model After a hard day at the University or Office, many regard an even harder push in the field bliss. Football releases energy and revitalizes the young souls, by completely tiring them out. Or 30 something office goers, who have kept their passion for football alight. Dhaka city is not a place people can enjoy open fields. There are too many people and too less fields.In a random day, chances are you won’t even get a place in the field. That’s where the need of an organized platform comes, the need of a sports complex, that will organize the matches for you, book a place in the field, maybe provide food and relaxation, all in a nice and friendly package. That’s where the need of Sportsvana comes. 1. 1. 1 Company Overview Sportsvana Indoor Futsal is the only indoor futsal facility in the Dhaka City area. The population of Dhaka City is 240,000 residents. Sportsvana has two professional-style, lighted fields, (73†² x 140†²) featuring Field Turf ®, for fast-action, fun futsal.No matter what the weather conditions is, day or night, futsal players will find a safe, clean, and friendly atmosphere for futsal enjoyment. Several divis ions for youth, men, women, and coed provide all players–from beginners to highly skilled–the right environment for recreational yet competitive futsal. League play is continuous year round. All league participants are required to become members of Sportsvana Indoor Futsal. The annual fee is 3000 BDT. Team registration per session is 3500 BDT per hour. Each session has 10 games with championship awards being given to the first place team.In addition, skills clinics are available for beginning adults and those wishing to polish their skills. The two fields can also be rented for practices, preseason and post-season team parties, camps, clinics, school grad nights, fund raising tournaments, organized leagues and more. A futsal store is on site to provide leading futsal brands to players, teams, leagues and schools. The facility will also have a small cafe that will serve drinks, sandwiches, and pastry. Sportsvana is a fully integrated sports company that offers our clien ts, young or old, a full range of sports management services from conceptualization stages to execution.We are well equipped with experience and trained staffs in ensuring that all of our clients’ needs are met to a standard of excellence. We have the equipment to undertake all projects. Our experience encompasses; events designed to appeal to specific targeted participants, events with appeal to the general public, events with corporate appeal such as sponsorship and hospitality and events which we manage for clients. Often our management skills have to incorporate one or more of these elements which are; event creation, design and management, sponsorship, marketing and public relations and personality management.We offer corporations a solution to these problems. We are able to handle all the sporting needs Sportsvana Indoor Futsal projects that the center will have more than 800 members, 30 adult teams and 30 youth teams by the end of year one. 1. 1. 3 Objectives The objec tives for Sportsvana Indoor Futsal are the following: * Build facility membership to more than 800. * Register 30 adult and 25 youth teams by the end of first year of operation. * Develop facility potential * Expand to Bashundhara by year 3 * Break-even by year 3 * Open new facility in Uttara by year 5 1. 1. 4 MissionThe mission of Sportsvana Indoor Futsal is to provide Dhaka Ciyt residents with a state-of-the-art Futsal facility that will enable both youth and adults to enjoy the sport of Futsal year round. We hope to evoke sense of bonding and competitiveness among students and even office-goers, who will find nirvana through the game of Futsal and other sports, thus Sportsvana. 1. 1. 5 Vision Our vision is to build a harmonious platform for youth and thirty something’s for a better future. What is Futsal? Futsal is a variant of Futsal that is played on a smaller pitch and mainly played indoors.Its name is derived from the Portuguese futebol de salao and the Spanish futbol de salon (colloquially futbol sala), which can be translated as â€Å"hall Futsal† or â€Å"indoor Futsal†. During the sport’s second world championships held in Madrid in 1985, the name futbol Sala was used. Since then, all other names have been officially and internationally changed to futsal. Futsal ® (Five-a-Side Futsal) is â€Å"The Way the World Plays Indoor Futsal† and is the international form of indoor Futsal approved by the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA).It is played in all continents of the world by over 100 countries with 12 million players. The pitch is made up of wood or artificial material, Yinghui Court, or similar surface, although any flat, smooth and non-abrasive material may be used. The length of the pitch is in the range of 38–42 m (42–46 yd), and the width is in the range of 18–25 m in international matches. For other matches, it can be 25–42 m (27–46 yd)in length, while the width can be 15–25 m (16–27 yd), as long as the length of the longer boundary lines (touchlines) are greater than the shorter boundaries where the goals are placed (goal lines).The ceiling must be at least 4 m (4 yd) high. A rectangular goal is positioned at the middle of each goal line. The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be 3 m (3 yd) apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported xx by the goal posts must be 2 m (2. 2 yd) above the ground. Nets made of hemp, jute or nylon is attached to the back of the goalposts and crossbar. The lower part of the nets is attached to curved tubing or another suitable means of support. The depth of the goal is 80 cm at the top and 1 m at the bottom.Because the sport is a great skill developer, demanding quick reflexes, fast thinking and pin point passing, it is an exciting game for children as well as adults. The game is very economical and safe, simple and fun to play. Just by playing with the ball d evelops precise ball control and technical skill, agility, lightening reflexes and decision making. As the balls have less bounce they tend to stay in play longer and promote close ball control. After playing in enclosed areas and learning to think and react quickly, players find when they play to the full game they react well under pressure.Playing in enclosed areas develops creativity; players are also constantly placed in demanding decision making situations in enclosed areas which is a major reason why Futsal is one of the finest teachers of the quick pass and move. In Futsal it is very hard to defend against a team that is adept at this type of play. Playing the beautiful game of Futsal is developed through Futsal. 1. 1. 6 Facilities Sportsvana is an indoor court built to provide futsal addicts and players to enjoy real time playing futsal with friends and family.We provide all the amneties for them in order to enjoy their futsal time. * We provide most importantly futsal court which is the turf, futsal balls, food services place to relax and rest, and futsal equipments. * On top of that, we take jersey orders for teams which is interested to do when there is any tournament organized by us * We provide stalls for sporting goods related to futsal and excercising gear * We take on the spot orders for custom-made jerseys, team jerseys, sports memorabilia and other items related to other sports s well * A stacked food court EPL matches on projector and 5:1 music system * Shower and changing room * 2 foosball tables * Membership cards, which provide a discount at match prices and an sms derived SMART system which allows to book matches and see timetables. It will also allow you to be listed as a player, reviewing you lifetime scores, passes made, assists and miles run. * Games videography assists and many more to come†¦.. 1. 1. 7 SERVICES 4 Futsal Pitches (Turf, Decoflex, Herculan & Parquet Pitches on the built facility) . 2 International Size Basketball Courts converted Parquet Pitches.We provide only the best Futsal Balls, Excellent pitch conditions, Spectator Galleries, Lounge Area with Tables,Shower / Changing & Restrooms (Male & Female),Fans/Mist Fans, Sports Shop, Well stocked Food/Snacks/Ice Cream & Drinks, Booking services, EPL on Astro & Projectors. 1. 1. 8 Pitch Our pitch is converted from basketball court to futsal field. The lines and dimension of a futsal field is roughly the same of a basketball court. But additional measures will be taken in case of tournament, as white powder will be applied to create an international standard pitch.There are no walls around the Abahani facility. There is a wall along the Gymnasium Field, but as per game rules, rebound on walls is not allowed. The pitch will feature 5:1 music system with songs on request. 1. 1. 9 Sports Store There will be a small sport store on the facility for impulse buyers. It will feature * Latest jerseys of international and national teams * Futsal equipment su ch as turf shoes, balls, shorts and socks * Football memorabilia * Small selection of boots * Custom T-shirts Also the store will feature an area where you can order your custom jerseys and order sports equipment to specification 1. . 10 Food Court On the surroundings of the courts there will be a food and beverage area where users of the facility can replenish their bodies. This area has been placed so the users may have a bird's-eye view of the happenings on the courts while enjoying their favorite non-alcoholic beverage and/or snack. Included in this area will be a big screen TV that will show sporting events, sports news, or appropriate programs those users’ wishes to watch. This aspect of the facility will be crucial in providing the desired atmosphere The Supreme Courts hopes to create. A qualified, experienced person will be hired to run this aspect of the facility. He/she will have the responsibility to meet necessary standards and to report to, and work directly with the general partners to make sure the needs of the users in this area are met. If additional staff are required, this person will hire and train those people in accordance with The Supreme Courts policies. * A fast-food menu featuring subs, rolls, burgers and egg based products. There is also a counter for health drinks and protein bars. * EPL matches in projectors on selected days * 2 Foosball tables 1. 2 Administrative Plan . 2. 1 Concept: This indoor sports facility will be equipped with 2 full international-sized Futsal courts converted from concrete basketball ground. This facility will also be equipped with lighting poles to enable evening and night play. Many value-added facilities will be provided to our customers such as, lockers, female and male changing rooms with showers amenities, a small cafe, parking and free Wi-fi access. As a social trend today, the atmosphere that we are trying to create is towards a greener and healthier environment and lifestyle with eco-friendl y facilities (energy saving lights and water).In the tight and congested space of Dhaka City, few places remain which can provide this sort of facility session basis or at a rent. We have chosen the following areas for our base of operations. 1. 2. 2 Location * Our first and primary location will be the Abahani Indoor Basketball ground, fully equipped with light poles, bars and equipment to be made into a futsal pitch. The Abahani is also equipped with spectator stands, changing room, space for stalls and parking. * This location can be had for rent or lease if it doesn’t serve any other primary purpose. For example, if it doesn’t have any Basketball matches on that very particular time. For our secondary base, we have chosen the Dhaka University indoor games facility, with its basketball ground which can be converted into a futsal pitch. It lacks spectator stands, but it makes up in terms of practice space. * The outdoor futsal facility of the Abahani Stadium will als o be used. Initial plans are to turn to the Abahani Indoor Sports facility, in Dhanmondi. The facility will be taken on daily rent basis. The dates will be flexible according to the basketball timetable the facility has. It also has an outdoor futsal facility which will be used in turns. The Dhaka University Indoor games field will also be used simultaneously.We have future plans to expand to Bashundhara and build our own facility in Uttara. 1. 2. 3 Management Company Ownership Our business will be fully owned by the partners. The business will maintain a multiple proprietorship status for at least the first two years of operation. The initial management team for The Supreme Courts depends mainly on the general partners. Will stay within their expertise in running the day-to-day operations of the facility such as scheduling, marketing, and promotions, along with running and developing various leagues and programs for the community.Back-up for the general partners will include staff members who will compensate for the founders lack of experience in each area. The business projects that the Abahani facility will be so popular that a second indoor operation will be established in the nearby Bashundhara. At that time the business will reorganize to become an S Corporation. The ownership model will be based on partnership, and a rotational basis â€Å"Managing Partner† will be selected for overseeing administrative duties. Our organizational structure is as follows Financial Officer (outsourced) 1. 2. 4 PersonnelThe personnel of Sportsvana Indoor Futsal are as follows: * Manager (managing partner) * Asst manager (2 other partners) * Senior staff (2); * Staff (2); * Store staff person (1); * Cafe staff (2). A janitorial service will be contracted to clean the facility. But most of the maintenance work will be done by the Abahani field staff. A chart of their expected salary and qualification is given below Post| Salary (expected)| Qualification| Managing Part ner| Subjective to Profit/Loss| | Asst. Manager (partner)| Subjective to Profit/Loss| | Senior Staff| 16,000| H. S. C| Staff| 13,000| H.S. C| Store staff| 8,000| H. S. C| Cafeteria Staff| 7,000| H. S. C| The minimum working hours will be 3 hours to a maximum of 8 hours. The facility will run from prior schedules. 2 The marketing Plan 2. 1 Market Analysis Summary Futsal is a popular sport in Dhaka. Currently there are 6,000 children participating in the youth Futsal leagues, and 3,000 adults participating in the  adult league. The number of players is growing dramatically. There are two factors that are impacting the popularity of Futsal. * The first is the large number of children in the county under the age of 12.There are approximately 30,000 children in the city under the age of 12. The projection is that the percentage of children under the age of 12 will continue to grow for the next five years. The most popular sport with this age group is football. * The second factor is th e growing number of young people between the ages of 24 – 35 that are participating in team sports. Participation in  coed football has increased by 20% each year for the past three years. The demand for fields has led to the city building 2 new playing fields this year. Adult outdoor football league has grown by 50% over the past two years.Currently, there are  12 adult league teams participating in the outdoor city Futsal league. * The rise in the scene of â€Å"UNDERGROUND FOOTBALL† scene is a sign of the rising popularity of football. There has been a significant increase in the underground tournaments held each year. There hasn’t been any organized attempt to blend the events from all localities to a single mega event. * There has been a significant increase in football among office workers and corporate players. 2. 2 Market Segmentation 1. Weekend Warriors: an important market segment for The Sportsvanawill is the weekend warriors.These people don't li ke to be locked into long-term commitments but like the freedom to come and go when the opportunity presents itself. These people will be a target market for special promotions and periodic activities. These people may include corporate players and tournament teams. 2. Families: this is a smaller, but important market segment for our facility. We have â€Å"something for everyone† and that will attract families that want to become members of the facility as well as families who simply want a few hours of fun every now and again.These people will also be the main target for summer camps and activities that allow for fun and education for the children while the parents enjoy some relatively cheap babysitting. 3. Senior Citizens: this market segment will be our fastest growing market as more senior citizens are retiring to Henderson than any other group. When provided with health promoting programs, senior citizens are willing to participate due to the new focus on physical acti vity and the constant encouragement from family and physicians. In fact, this group was the fastest growing club membership segment over the last 10 years according to **.It grew up to four times faster than other segments. 4. Students: Another small market segment, students will be attracted to use this facility for various purposes without the pressure or hassle of a required membership. The simple daily walk-in fee will make The Sportsvana a very attractive place for these people. We have made an age chart to better understand our target customers. Consumer Profile Provided the data we have accumulated and psychological profiling of our customers, we have done a consumer profiling of our customers. We will focus on the following target customers: * Youths, ages 6-14 years of age. Adults, ages 24-35 years of age. 2. 3 Competition The competition of Sportsvana is not through direct competitors, but through means of other organizers of the sport. They are: 1. The Abahani Field: The vast Abahani Field, in which you can play for free, is one of our biggest competitors. But they lack in space and you might often struggle to find a place. 2. Organizers of events: These people satisfy our main target customers, the weekend warriors. This might be a tough call to attract players who are committed to a tournament. WE can analyze the market with Porters Five forces 2. 3. 1 Competitive EdgeThe Sportsvana’s competitive edge is twofold. First, The Supreme Courts is the only complex that offers 2 full-size basketball courts that are available for the members and the community to use and/or rent. On top of this, the scope and variation of the programs that will be run from this facility are unmatched by any other club in the area. The second part of our competitive edge is the location, size, and appearance of the facility that will attract many people into the complex. By maintaining our focus in our strategy, marketing, program development, and fulfillment, The Sp ortsvana will  be known as the top sports club in Dhaka.We should be aware; however, that our competitive edge may be diluted if we become complacent in our program development and implementation. It will be important for us to keep up with the current trends in both sport and fitness programs. 2. 4 Sales Strategy Sales in the sport and are based on the services and amenities provided by the facility. The â€Å"something for everyone† slogan fits perfectly with us. All of the users of our facility must feel like they are getting the best possible value for their money. If there is a better value, for equal services, we will match or beat that value for our customers.Each person desiring a membership at Sportsvana will be able to sit down with a representative and be notified of all of their membership options. During this brief discussion, the person will be also being informed of all of the services, programs, and amenities we have to offer. It will be important to establi sh a relationship of trust with our members as membership retention is an important aspect in our business. 2. 5 Pricing Sportsvana   is  an indoor Futsal facility that offers league play, Futsal training and a Futsal shop. The facility is also available to be rented out for special events.The following is the fee schedule: * Annual Facility Membership: 3000 BDT * Team Registration per Session: 15000 BDT * Facility Rental Fee: Member  300 BDT/hr, Non-Member 450 BDT/hr * Skill Clinic Fees: Range from 3000 BDT (per week)  for children, to 12000 BDT for groups They are  led by Futsal skill instructors with â€Å"A† Level Coaching Certification. The skill clinics are geared toward the novice who wants to improve their Futsal skills. The facility also has a  Futsal shop that sells the very best in Futsal gear, indoor and outdoor. The shop  has  the best selection of turf shoes available in the city.Membership * Membership Fee: Sportsvana Indoor Futsal will offer a 25% discount on membership fees for the first six months. * Team Fee: The team fee will be reduced by 1000 BDT if the team registers before the early sign-up deadline. In addition, we will sell the facility rental potential to local schools, corporate, and civic organizations. 2. 6 Sales Strategy Sportsvana Indoor Futsal will sell the indoor facility to the current outdoor Futsal teams. We will operate a booth at the city's Futsal fields on the weekends for the two months before Sportsvana opens.In addition, we will call the team captains and coaches directly and sell the quality and convenience of the facility. Sportsvana Indoor Futsal will offer membership rates for field rental to these teams to get them in the facility. Spring is notorious for poor field conditions prior to the beginning of the Futsal season. During the first two weekends in April, Sportsvana Indoor Futsal will offer free indoor Futsal clinics for children and adults. 2. 7 Sales Forecast The following is the sal es forecast for the next three years. The clinics, cafe,  and the Futsal shop  will have direct cost of sales.The clinics will be hiring the coaches to lead the clinics. The Futsal shop's direct cost will be the wholesale price of the shop's inventory. Sportsvana Indoor Futsal will make a strong push to expand league play in the summer. The summer is usually softball and baseball season and  only competitive Futsal teams play during the summer months. These competitive teams represent only 10% of young Futsal players. The outdoor adults Futsal leagues also don't operate during the summer months, leaving a large number of recreational Futsal players with opportunity to play.The only slow period for sales will be in November and December. Though league sessions end in mid-November, December has proven to be a poor month to begin a new league session. 2. 8 Advertising Strategies Channel 3 is called a â€Å"direct-marketing† channel, since it has no intermediary levels. In this case the manufacturer sells directly to customers. An example of a direct marketing channel would be a factory outlet store. Many holiday companies also market direct to consumers, bypassing a traditional retail intermediary – the travel agent. Advertising and promotion:A mixture of advertisements and networking will be used to increase visibility for Sportsvana. In first we will be focused on introducing the product. The advertisement will be done on different media e. g. television, newspaper and billboard to make people aware of the product. Our promotional activity will be focused on timing. We have devised the following timeframes: We will use these following channels of marketing, to be elaborated on the presentation * Guerilla Marketing: we will use graffiti, flyers and subliminal messaging * Posters: it will be our bulk promotional activity Flyers: To accompany the posters * Facebook Page: It will help us create a direct relationship with our members. 2. 9 Timeli ne We have etched out a specific time line for our objectives. 3 Financials 3. 1 Financing Our total capitalization from the 3 partners will be 70 lakhs. We will raise another 50 lakhs through loans and angel investors. Start-up Funding| Start-up Expenses to Fund| 7,845,000| Start-up Assets to Fund| 336,500| Total Funding Required| 8181500| Assets| | Non-cash Assets from Start-up| $0| Cash Requirements from Start-up| 336,500| Additional Cash Raised| $0|Cash Balance on Starting Date| 336,500| Total Assets| 336,500| Liabilities and Capital| | Liabilities| | Current Borrowing| $0| Long-term Liabilities| 5,000,000| Accounts Payable (Outstanding Bills)| $0| Other Current Liabilities (interest-free)| $0| Total Liabilities| 5,000,000| Capital| | Planned Investment| | Investor 1| 100,000| Investor 2| 100,000| Investor 3| 100,000| Other| 200,000| Additional Investment Requirement| $0| Total Planned Investment| 5,000,000| Loss at Start-up (Start-up Expenses)| 7,845,000| Total Capital| (913,50 0)| Total Capital and Liabilities| 336,500|Total Funding| 12,000,000| | | General AssumptionsYear 1 Year 2 Year 3Plan Month 1 2 3Current Interest Rate 10. 00%10. 00 10. 00%Long-term Interest Rate 10. 00%10. 00 10. 00%Tax Rate 16. 25%15. 00 16. 25%Other 0003. 2 Startup Cost| | Start-up Requirements Start-up Expenses| | Legal(Including business understanding with Abahani)| 545,000| Brochures| 50,000| Insurance| 500,000|Rent | 4,000,000| Soccer Shop Setup| 1,500,000| Field Installation| 45,000| Cafe| 800,000| Total Start-up Expenses| 7,845,000| Start-up Assets| 150,000| Cash Required| 336,500| Start-up Inventory| 25,000| Other Current Assets| 25,000| Long-term Assets| 100,000| Total Assets| 336,500| Total Requirements| 8181500| Pro Forma Cash Flow | Year 1| Year 2| Year 3| Cash ReceivedCash from Operations| | | | Cash Sales| | | | Cash from Receivables| | | | Subtotal Cash from Operations| | | | Additional Cash Received| | | | Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Received| | | | New Current Borrowi ng| | | |Sales of Other Current Assets| | | | Sales of Long-term Assets| | | | New Long-term Liabilities| | | | New Investment Received| | | | Subtotal Cash Received| | | | Expenditures from Operations| | | | Cash Spending| | | | Bill Payments| | | | Subtotal Spent on Operations| | | | Additional Cash Spent| | | | Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Paid Out| | | | Principal Repayment of Current Borrowing| | | | Other Liabilities Principal Repayment| | | | Long-term Liabilities Principal Repayment| | | | Purchase Other Current Assets| | | | Purchase Long-term Assets| | | | Subtotal Cash Spent| | | |Net Cash Flow| | | | Cash Balance| | | | 4 Conclusions Sportsvana in an idea pitched by a group of late-teens. It was implemented in some tournaments. It hasn’t yet caught on, the idea of playing any kind of â€Å"football† indoors. But those who have played the tournaments can vouch that it was the one of the most action packed, fun and tiring game of their life. We can proudly say tha t we will cater to a group, who will be sports buffs, and hold football to their hearts. So, in essence, our USP not lies in our proposition or uniqueness, it is how we DELIVER everything in a delightful package.Whether you are a high school teen, or a battle hardened corporate officer, deliverance is something we hand out in spades. 5 Bibliographies 1. http://www. startupbizhub. com/How-to-Start-a-Sporting-Goods-Store. htm 2. http://playersindoornaperville. com/facility/ 3. http://www. socceramerica. com/article/49102/a-plan-to-spur-pick-up-play. html 4. http://www. smallbusinessbrief. com/forum/showthread. php? t=15420 5. http://www. freebie-articles. com/Art/74396/9/Start-up-your-own-indoor-soccer-business. html 5. 1 Experiences An indoor futsal tournament organized in the Dhaka University Indoor Stadium