Macbeth Analysis Essay

Cultural myth in once upon a Quinceaera by Julia Alvarez Assignment

Social fantasy in once upon a Quinceaera by Julia Alvarez - Assignment Example Similarly as the social fantasy of sex jobs is depict in the article â€Å"True Women and Real Men† in the book Rereading America, Alvarez investigates the classes of sexual orientation as they are built by the general public. She utilizes social research, the quinceanera story of a young lady named Monica, her own understanding and history to investigate the social fantasy of sex jobs. This paper will portray how the social legend of sexual orientation jobs is introduced as one that upholds the contrasts among ladies and men in Once Upon a Quinceanera: Coming of Age in the USA. In a perfect world, Once Upon a Quinceanera: Coming of Age in the USA pushes perusers to scrutinize the social view of sex as installed in transitional experiences ceremonies. Having left the Dominican Republic at the time she would have had her own quinceanera, Alvarez analyzes how sex is seen among young ladies who don't know themselves of the essentialness of the custom. The social fantasy of sex jobs is profoundly trapped with the characters of people as dictated by the social qualities they have disguised from early stages. In her book, Alvarez neither presents contentions for sexual orientation predominance nor inadequacy at the same time, rather, presents the case as normally saw by the Latina people group. The reasonable message typified in the quinceanera idea as opined in Alvarez’s book is that the Latina young lady is relied upon to get hitched, give herself to her significant other and have youngsters. In the US, as Alvarez infers, a quince (or Latina young lady tr ansitioning) is exceedingly performed and the situation regularly involves the guardians overspending in what is by all accounts publicizing their little girl for marriage. Emblematically, during the function, the little youngster is dressed a lot of like a lady of the hour. At that point her dad changes her level shoes with high heels, guarantees the principal three step dance and gives her to an uncle, sibling or granddad lastly an escort. In a perfect world, it is a wedding practice barely shy of a

Learning What Pte Essay Topics Is and How to Write Them

Learning What Pte Essay Topics Is and How to Write ThemHaving a good grasp of what Pte essay topics are, as well as how to write an excellent one is something that will allow students to enter the writing world as a writer. Their future would be very bright indeed if they take this route. While some students think that they will have to go to college for an extra year before they can write, it is a very wise choice to keep them going right from their junior year when they get into college.However, while colleges will offer to train students in Pte essay topics, it would be wise to consider whether they should be left up to them or whether a little bit of college training could be better used by the student. The reason being that when writing at college, students will not only be learning proper grammar and punctuation, but they will also be learning about persuasive techniques. Although students can be taught this skill in school, it is much easier for them to master this at college. In addition, when students learn the right techniques in essay writing, they will develop an understanding of what is correct to say and how they should say it.It is through this stage that students start to understand what is acceptable and what is not, and how they should tone down their profanity. This allows them to express themselves without anyone getting upset at them. Therefore, a good place to start with the Pte topic is on the first week of class when they are still getting to know one another.Students do not need to look to a college writing instructor for help in Pte essay topics, as they already know how to write. They just need to give it a try, using some tips that can help them make their topic a success. This is because most students will have some general tips, but the true expert will use their personal experience as a way to develop these ideas into a strong essay.First of all, a few basics are needed for Pte essaytopics, especially in writing the introduction. This will include creating a professional looking introduction that will impress your reader. One tip is to use real words that the student has been using in conversations or on social media, and use them in the introduction.Next, it is important for students to know how to use the first paragraph in writing a Pte essay topic. This is the first paragraph that you are trying to convince your reader to read further. Therefore, it is important that this paragraph contains convincing facts, good information and solid arguments, as this will create the biggest impact with the reader.It is also important for students to incorporate a focus group discussion into their first paragraph. This will help students get an idea of how the first paragraph will be formatted so that it flows naturally. It also allows students to get their feet wet and try different types of paragraphs that they can use when writing a Pte essay topic.Finally, when writing a Pte essay topic, it is important to be creat ive. If a student does not write the first paragraph to their advantage, they will find it difficult to write subsequent paragraphs that will help to persuade readers. Therefore, if a student can add a little creativity, they will be better able to persuade their reader and begin to develop a well rounded curriculum vitae.

These Quotas Made It Very Clear On Who Was And Was Not

These quotas made it very clear on who was and was not wanted in the United States. Certain countries had a quota number that was much lower than others. That difference in number was a game changer in how easy or how hard it was for distinct immigrants to come over. The 1920s exposed many fears for Americans already settled in the United States. Some people felt threatened by other religious groups, â€Å"Booker T. Washington, also wanted restrictions because they saw the new comers as added competitions for jobs† and there was obviously lingering bias that still existed in the country. All realms of society had worries that overflowed the government with the obligation to protect against those fears. The quotas allowed for those†¦show more content†¦The passage of the 1965 Hart-Celler Act helped to establish the possibility of illegal immigration within the Western Hemisphere, most notably for Mexicans traveling to the United States. The relationship between Mexic an migrants and the United States had been relatively untouched throughout the restrictionist movement, until 1965. With the Hart-Celler Act, â€Å"Congress coupled their erosion with new restrictive measures, a new ceiling on Western Hemisphere immigration and a labor certification requirement.† The quotas that were set in place, set Latin American nations at the same number of immigrants coming from all around the world. For countries such as Mexico, this number was not equipped to deal with the constant flow of immigrants who came to the United States. However, law was not necessarily a deterrent in this matter. The legal process of crossing the border from Mexico to the United States became far too difficult for the multitude of immigrants who wanted to do so. It can be inferred that this led many immigrants to choose illegal measures in the hopes of creating a better life in the United States, rather than stay in Mexico to continue their lives there. For many, the ille gal measure appeared as the only effort they could make that would possibly work for them to make a better life for themselves. It can be inferred that the Hart-Celler Act, which wasShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Current Immigrant Influx1136 Words   |  5 Pagesaudiences with the root causes of current immigrant influx in Europe. I will present them with my views in opposition of the proposed â€Å"quota plan† by European Union European Commission to resolve the migrant crises. I will highlight them the other available mechanisms to contain this issue. My audiences are those who support European Commission President Junkers’ proposed â€Å"Quota Plan† to resolve European Union current migrant influx. Their stance is that the immigrants are good for Europe’s labor force,Read MoreEqual Outcomes vs. Equal Opportunities Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagesmakers fight every day concerning a persons ability to receive the same equal opportunities and equal results (or outcomes) as everyone else. It is important to distinguish the difference between equal opportunity and equal outcomes. An employer who offers equal opportunity does not discriminate based on a persons race, creed, or disability. That employer makes sure that everyone has a chance to achieve a certain outcome. Equal outcomes is making sure that everyone ends up at the same placeRead MoreEthnic Groups in Pakistan1187 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the 1981 census, the Sindhis made up 55% of the total population of Sindh and mohajirs were second with a share of 24% (Pakistan,1981). In 1973 more than 30% of the top bureaucracy belonged to the mohajir origin in pakistan (Government Of Pakistan,1973). The above information shows that the Mohajirs were very much taking over the province of Sindh, in natural reaction to that, the Sindhis worked as a strong ethnic group to safeguard their rights and very much their existence in their own provinceRead MoreIllegal Immigration And The United States1593 Words   |  7 Pagescontribute to the diversity of the country. With such a large population of foreigners, the immigrants also influence America’s economy and the workforce. Immigration has been a prevalent aspect of civilization in the United States for centuries, and it is clear that allowing these illegal aliens to remain in the country will k eep the economy and workforce secure. Since the immigrants have immensely escalated since the 1920s, it would drastically affect the nation to deploy all of these people. The deploymentRead MoreTravels of a T-Shirt Book Report Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pagescotton boom in the United States and why we have reigned supreme as the leading cotton producer. She even meets with a Texan farmer who warms your heart from the very beginning of the chapter. Next, the cotton goes on to textile mills and factories, and Rivoli explains the history of the textile industry. With this lesson, she demonstrates how the textile industry boom was a leading contributor of the Industrial Revolution in many countries. From this point, we see the t-shirt waiting to be stitchedRead MoreCase Analysis : Wells Fargo1652 Words   |  7 PagesForget About Ethics I Have a Quota to Make Those who act ethical finish last, or at least according to Wells Fargo they do. After Wells Fargo came clean and admitted to creating approximately 2 million fake accounts without their customers’ consent employees are now coming forward claiming they were retaliated against. Wells Fargo employees were given unrealistic sales targets and the only way to meet them was by engaging in improper sales practices. The objective was called the â€Å"gr-eight initiative†Read MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1619 Words   |  7 PagesNation’s General Assembly adopted what is known as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This document was drafted by several representatives with legal and cultural backgrounds from areas all over the world. Containing 30 articles, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights addresses, what then came to be, the basic rights that all humans are inherently entitled to. Prior to the UDHR, there was no fine line of law between na tions, in relations to crimes against humanity. Now, with this document,Read MoreFamine in the Ukraine1192 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion. The famine was also known as the â€Å"Holodomor† which means death by starvation. This famine was not like any other, not caused by natural disaster or war. The Holodomor was an artificial and self inflicted famine caused by Joseph Stalin and the Soviet regime. Dekulakization and collectivization was Stalin’s theory in which he had high expectations and goals for and his arrogance in not letting these process go, ended in the mass murder of many innocent Ukrainians. The holodomor was undebated or questionedRead MoreEthics Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesSocrates(469-399 BC), already questioned this with the result of being trailed and sentenced to death. Looking back on the early history of philosophy, later philosophers traced to Socrates a major turn in its development. As Cicero puts it: Socrates was the first to call philosophy down from the heavens... and compel it to ask questions about life and morality (Tusculan Disputations V 10-11). Previously it had been concerned with the origins and nature of the physical world and the explanation ofRead MoreThe Potention Of The Fishing Industry840 Words   |  4 Pagesfollowing the implementation of the discard ban in 2015 and other commitments made by the EU to sustain fish stocks. Many are optimistic about these reforms, while others are cautious since the CFP has a reputation for sounding brilliant and proving to be catastrophic in the long-run. Rather than trying to fix a fault-ridden system where the interests of Member States involve the short-term goals of mainly their own fishing industry, it may be more beneficial for the EU to implement a system of control

The Price Of Minimum Wage - 1406 Words

To analyse and draw conclusions on minimum wage in relation to its standing in business law, we first of all need to define what the meaning of the term is. National minimum wage was introduced in 1998 through the national minimum wage act. This enforced that employers would pay each employee a set value set by the government per working hour. One of the main benefits of this was that the most low skills jobs within society received a fair wage. Setting the price of minimum wage is a complex task as the main priority is to reduce the negative effect on the labour market, creating benefits outweighing the costs. Inflation and minimum wage have a very close relationship, with inflation being the annual increase in the price of goods and services. As inflation rises, it is natural for minimum wage to follow at a similar rate. In october 2014, minimum wage increased 3%, whereas inflation increased 2%. This shows an improvement in the real term income for over 1,000,000 of the lowest paid workers in Britain. In the UK, we do not have a legal system which is codified. Our laws are set out in a few sources, which consists of common law, legislation and EU laws and conventions. This means that there is not a document which sets out the laws which we must abide by. Alternatively, cases in legal history set a precedent for future cases indication the sentence or decision to give. In order for a bill to become a law it goes through a procedure called consideration. The bill is passedShow MoreRelatedMinimum Wage Is The Price Floor For Wages908 Words   |  4 PagesMinimum wage is the price floor for wages, meaning that it is the lowest possible wage per hour. The minimum wage is set so no worker will be oppressed or underpaid, it makes people able to live. The minimum raise rises constantly so it can keep up with the cost of life which is always increasing as well. The current minimum wage in Arizona is 8.05$/hour. People might think that minimum wage has no downside, but surprisingly it has, if someone has worked in a place for years and his wage increasedRead MoreMinimum Wage Is The Price Floor For Jobs Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pages Minimum wage is the price floor for jobs. Many people are either for it or against it, however not denying the fact that it is very important to employees. Because, minimum wage creates a pathway for workers to sell their labour though getting paid less, businesses willingly hire them and workers gain experiences. Yes, in many ways it can benefit both the employers and the employees but there is always a down side to it. When it comes to revenue businesses can only spend so much and it doesRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Law Should Not Exist1684 Words   |  7 PagesThe minimum wage law was first enacted in January 1938 (Mutari, Ellen), and since then, people have falsely been led to believe that it is beneficial to the economy as well as the general population. It has commonly been seen as a method to reduce poverty by redistributing income in order to make sure that people earn a healthy, living wage; however, evidence has shown that it in fact does just the opposite. Forcing a minimum wage goes against the free market, and severely disrupts the natural processRead MoreMinimum Wage in Countries773 Words   |  3 PagesMinimum wage is the lowest wage permitted by law or a special agreement that can be applied for an employee. Governments set minimum wage on business for reduced poverty and increases in the standard of living. In 2009 from six dollar and fifty five cents to seven dollars and twenty five cents, minimum wage has increased and has been beneficial up to the minimum wage. In 2014 it will be a dollar up so it is going to be tough. The issue is whether to raise the minimum wage or not. For this reasonRead MoreMinimum Wage And The Wage845 Words   |  4 Pagespresidential election of 2016, low-wage workers began demanding for a raise in the minimum wage to fifteen dollars an hour. On April of 2016, governor Jerry Brown signed the minimum wage to be raised to $15–an-Hour in California by 2022. It is hoped that raising the minimum wage will reduce the economic disparity between the wealthy and the poor and to help people who earn minimum wage gain more purchasing power. However, the article California Moves Toward $15-an-Hour Minimum Wage by Alejandro Lazo and EliotRead MoreMinimum Wages During 21st Century America1649 Words   |  7 PagesMinimum Wages in 21st Century America In the United States the time has come for the next president to be elected and the political fervor has come early this year with an unconventional, surprisingly interesting primary race. With the coming of a new commander in chief the incessant grilling of the candidates has begun and issues, such as poverty in the United States, are being given the national spot light during debates. The issue of poverty has recently gained traction among citizens as wellRead MoreMinimum Wage And Its Effect On The Workplace886 Words   |  4 PagesPrice floor is most commonly defined as a government price control that establishes the minimum allowable price that can be charged for a particular good or service (Ragan, 2013). The most popular and recognisable examples of a price floor is minimum wage. Fundamentally, a minimum wage is the lowest hourly wage that employers can legally pay their employees (MCEE, 2008). For much of the past century, the minimum wage has been a controversial subject amo ng policymakers and economists around the worldRead MoreDemand Supply , Examine the Argument in Favour Against Minimum Wage Law in Uk1415 Words   |  6 Pages * (Using Demand Supply: examine the arguments in favour against minimum wage law in UK*) * *Total words: 1,402 Demand It refers to the willingness and ability of buyers to purchase goods and services at different prices. Supply It refers to the willingness and ability of sellers to provide goods and services for sale at different prices What* *is minimum wage? A minimum wage is the lowest monthly, daily or hourly that employers may legally payRead MoreAmerica s Minimum Wage At Arizona s Current $ 8.05 Per Hour Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A yes vote on Proposition 206, also called the Healthy Working Families Initiative, would increase the minimum wage from Arizona’s current $8.05 per hour to $10 per hour by 2017 and eventually to $12 per hour by 2020† (Rau). While the first part of Prop. 206 seems to be getting more attention in the media and form the business community, the second part will trigger the most disruptive changes for Arizona employers, especially small employers. Recent polling indicates that nearly 60 percent of likelyRead MoreA Higher Minimum Wage May Help Workers Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesLabor Standards Act established minimum wage in 1938 (Grossman). Overtime, the minimum wage has been raised in order to account for inflation (BLS 14). However, what the o verall economic impact of raising the wage will be is once again a daunting and extensive question. The controversy over raising the minimum wage seems to come from often conflicting economic opinions. While raising the minimum wage is done with good intentions, critics argue that a higher minimum wage will harm those it is actually

Sales Plan for the Sales Manager free essay sample

This model provides you with a number of sales management planning ideas and a variety of operating templates that can be used by you and your Sales Representatives in preparing your operating Sales Plan for this year. This Sales Plan Guide is meant to be used consistently throughout the year as both a planning and as a monitoring tool. The ultimate intent of the comments and the templates that have been provided in this guide is to empower you to build a useful and proactive business plan that will consistently assist you in your overall sales planning during this year. The real purpose here is to assist you in the process of writing a productive sales plan that will actually be used by you and your Sales Representatives in the real world. Clearly the expectation is that this guide will become a highly productive planning and monitoring tool and will not be viewed merely as a series of tables and graphs to be filled in without direct impact to your business. We will write a custom essay sample on Sales Plan for the Sales Manager or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The other important advantage to using this sales planning model is that it is also expected that your resulting Sales Plan will be used as an effective communications tool to the other departments in your ompany that work closely with Sales. In this way, everyone is kept aware of your sales plans and should be able to assist you in the successful completion of the companys objectives. It is important that this document be seen and used as a guide. You should feel free to change and modify any of these templates to fit the specific needs and requirements of your own therapeutic area. In the majority of cases, templates and terminology have been used that are sufficiently generic so that they can be modified to meet as many different needs as possible. There are three primary sections to the Sales Plan: . Understand Your Sales Objectives 2. Develop Your Action Plans * Rep Territory Plans * Rep Key Account Plans 3. Measure and Report Your Results Within these three sections are a tota l of ten components that follow the sales planning requirements for the overall year. The next page outlines how the Sales Plan that you will develop fits into the overall planning requirements of the business. Section 1: Understand Your Sales Objectives 1. Identify the Sales objectives: Objective of this section: To present an overview of your companys sales objectives as they are defined in your objectives. This introductory section of your Sales Plan requires you to identify the specific overall sales objectives as reflected in the annual business plan. The purpose of this exercise is to ensure that you clearly understand the sales requirements of the business plan on a quarterly basis and the companys overall business planning objectives. The template that is on the next page is a generic table that should be modified and filled in to reflect the specific definitions of your own products. This particular template defines the quarterly sales objectives for four products in terms of sales revenue, units and market share Objective of this section: To present the sales data that identifies (1) the  historical  sales performance during the past one to three years depending on the specific performance criteria, and (2) the  current  sales performance. This intent of this section is to help understand the current perspective of the sales and market share performance of the company. Outlined below are a number of trend graphs that need to be completed by you as part of the pre planning process. The information displayed in these graphs should set the stage that will enable you to set this years objectives. What you are doing here is to show the data that firmly establishes the sales performance baselines. During the year, you will monitor performance against this baseline and, of course, against this years objectives. Outlined below are specific sales performance templates of graphs and tables that should be modified to reflect your own products and the types of objectives that you report. Total Net Sales: 3 years history / this years BUSINESS PLAN The first graph outlines total net sales (in this example by dollars) for the prior three years with the current BUSINESS PLAN projection of sales for 2001-2002. Having displayed in the prior graph a baseline of historical annual performance and compared this to this years BUSINESS PLAN objective, this next graph would display the prior years sales performance  by quarter  compared to the sales plan objectives. The use of this data is to graphically show you how the sales results have trended during the prior year and provide you with a guideline for setting your quarterly objectives for this upcoming year. Hints: * It is recommended that you would add a brief paragraph following this chart that would briefly comment on the prior years sales results by quarter. It is recommended that the same type of quarterly trend graph with additional comments be created for each product in your sales plan. * It is recommended that each of your Sales Representatives would create similar quarterly trend graphs for each of their own territories. Three Market Share Graphs: These  next three graphs  quickly display the positioning of your products comp ared to those of your competitors. Again, this information provides you with an historical baseline enabling you to more productively create your own objectives for this upcoming year. Market Share Trends This first example displays an easy-to-read bar graph of market share growth over the period of the prior three years: Hint: ? This data should come directly from your companys Marketing Plan Section 2: Develop Your Actions Plans: This is the second and the most critical stage of developing your Sales Plan. It is within these Sections 4 through 7 that you will establish the objectives, the tactics and the primary action plans that will be used by you and by your Sales Representatives during the entire year. It is also in this section that you will work with your Sales Representatives to create their Territory Plans and their Key Account Plans. It is recommended that this section of the Sales Plan be completed with two uses in mind: First, the critical nature of these next four sections is that they will become the foundation of your Sales Plan that will be delivered to your Sales Representatives at the end of December. Second, since it is also recommended that this Sales Plan become a living document for you and your Sales Representatives, it should be used as a consistent planning and monitoring tool by you throughout the year. It is recommended that it be formally updated and rolled out to your Sales Representatives on the first day of each quarter. Although the annual sales revenue and market share objectives will remain unchanged, many of your sales tactics and customer action plans will be changed as they are completed and modified during the year. 4. 0 Segment Your Customers 4. 1 Segmentation Tiers Objective of this section: To present specific examples of customer segmentations as they relate to * the numbers of target customers in each tier, and * the number of end users in each tier. Account segmentation should be one of the most powerful sales tools that you use. Segmentation by customer classifications should be used as a tool for you to * plan the specific type of sales tactics that you will use for each tier. * determine the sales call frequency patterns that will be applied to each tier.. Given the importance of this tool, we have shown below two different examples of customer segmentation. Whichever template you adopt, the segmentation process should be done in concert with Marketing and be similarly used in the companys Marketing Plan.

The Future of Psychology

Over the past few decades, the field of psychology has undergone tremendous changes not only in its approach to problems associated with the behavior of the society, but also in terms of methodologies its practitioners use, in their endeavor to understand the working of the human mind.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Future of Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because of the ever changing socio-economic, political, and the overall mental health condition of individuals; as a result of the rapid changes in global systems of living, currently the field of psychology uses mostly a scientific approach in solving human behavioral and psychiatric problems. In addition to using scientific approaches in dealing with these problems, practitioners in this field also widely use technological tools, for example, computers, because of their great significance when it comes to understanding the human beh avior. Considering these and many others uses of scientific innovations in psychology, with time, the field of psychology is bound to undergo a drastic transformation, both in methodology and practice. On the other hand, with inclusion of more scientific innovations in psychology, likelihoods of researchers finding better methods of dealing and understanding the human mind and behavior are high, something which is likely to offer psychologists or medics a chance of finding better treatment remedies to psychiatric and behavioral problems. To deal effectively with such problems, psychologists are likely to combine both therapy and medicine, as both are necessary in dealing with human psychiatric and behavioral problems (Baker, McFall, Shoham, 2010, p.1). Although currently the use of scientific concepts is becoming common in psychology, still the society cherishes concepts of popular psychology, because they are easy to understand and implement. Further, although both fields; that is , science of psychology and popular psychology’s main aim is to understand the human nature hence, offer solutions to the ever-changing human problems, their methodologies vary greatly. For example, to understand the human behavioral and psychiatric patterns, practitioners in the field of science of psychology subject psychological concepts to well monitored scientific investigations. Hence, through application of mathematical concepts and testing of psychological theories using technological tools, practitioners in this field are able to offer remedies to individuals’ psychiatric and behavioral anomalies.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition to offering solutions to behavioral and psychiatric anomalies, science of psychology is of great significance when it comes to understanding the functioning of the human brain in relation to individual’s surr ounding environments. Such understanding finds wide application in other fields of psychology, for example, industrial psychology hence, offering solutions to organizational problems (Fuchs Milar, 2002, pp. 2-10). Unlike science of psychology, which relies on scientific-psychological investigations to understand the human mental life and behavioral patterns hence, offer solutions to many human psychological problems, â€Å"pop† psychology uses peoples published ideas in its endeavor to offer solutions to human problems. Therefore, pop psychology’s main aim is to offer mental strategies that can help individuals enhance their personal psychological well-being, regardless of the scientific basis of such published concepts or strategies. Such a case is contrary in science of psychology; because all concepts of science of psychology are verifiable; hence, have other applications, apart from enhancing an individual’s personality and mental wellbeing (Cordon, 2005, p p. 5-25). Although these role differences exist between different fields, because of the changing societal trends, all this fields are likely to undergo rapid changes to embrace the ever-emerging and changing societal psychiatric and behavioral patterns. In the future technological tools are likely to take the center stage when dealing with human psychological anomalies, because they offer a better strategy of understanding the human mind and behavioral patterns. For example, for clinical psychologists to formulate appropriate strategies of solving human mental problems, likelihoods of practitioners in this field fully embracing the virtual reality ideology are high. In addition, to make psychology a more real subject, psychologists have to embrace concepts of realism and autonomy, as this will provide a way of understanding and offering solutions to patients with varied psychological anomalies (Gaggioli, Mantovani, Castelnuovo, Riva and Wiederhold, 2003, pp. 117-119). As research s tudies show, making psychology an autonomous and real field goes hand in hand with the practicality of psychology in meeting the society’s needs; hence, likelihoods of the field becoming a science field. For it to become fully a science field, learning institutions are likely to join both medicinal and psychological concepts in their trainings, as will offer practitioners in this field a mix of skills necessary for understanding their clients better (Baker, McFall, Shoham, 210, p.1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Future of Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition to becoming a science field, because currently technology controls almost every of the human practices and with the development of the internet, there are high chances of psychotherapy going online. Hence, considering the fact that most homes have access to the internet, psychological service delivery will improve, for it will provide a convenient and better methodology of service delivery (Suler, 2001, pp. 265-270). Because of the role played by psychology in understanding the human behavior, innovations and developments in psychology will give me a better chance of understanding others and myself. Through such understanding, I will be able to take control of my health status, through embracing practices that can help me to avoid or cope up with personal stress and other psychological problems. In addition to understanding personal problems, psychology will give me a chance of understanding others; hence, formulate strategies of dealing, coping, and accepting other people’s behavioral and mental anomalies. On the other hand, inclusion of technological tools in psychology will give me a chance of accessing latest and updated information, necessary for health mental and behavioral growth. In conclusion, because technology controls almost every human undertaking, the success of any future undertaking in the field of psychology depends on the ability of practitioners in this field to embrace technological innovations. Such tools are necessary for psychologists to succeed in their practices, because they can help to enhance their psychological scientific researches. Reference List Baker, T. B., McFall, R.M., Shoham, V. (2010). Current status and future  Prospects of clinical psychology: Toward a scientifically principled approach to mental and health care. Journal of Psychological Science, 9(2), 67-103. Web. Cordon, A. L. (2005). Popular psychology. Westport: Greenwood Press. Web. Fuchs, A. H., Milar, K. S. (2002). Psychology as a science.  Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gaggioli, M. S., Mantovani, F., Castelnuovo, M. S., Wielderhold, B., Riva, G. (2003). Avatars in clinical psychology: a framework for the clinical use of Virtual humans. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 6(2), 117-125. Web. Suler, J. R. (2001). The future of psychotherapy and clinical work. Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 4, 265-270. Web. This research paper on The Future of Psychology was written and submitted by user Annabel Payne to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom The Impact of Computer Technologies on the Russian Culture essay

buy custom The Impact of Computer Technologies on the Russian Culture essay Introduction Russia Moral exposure Russians citizens exposure on democracy and governance Government reaction by censuring unethical stuff Business ethics Students exposure in business ethics fosters the standards in graduates Faster development due to innovation and accountability Internet accessibility Internet browsing allowed but only on limited content Local internet used to foster the culture of the Russians Russian internet restrictions Foreign stuff vetted before being allowed Conclusion Introduction Global revolution in technology has brought changes in morals and ethics, the uncontrolled internet use has been a major challenge in controlling the ethics and moral in the society. Countries like Russia believe the culture is built by social status, education, history and heritage. The Russians are in dilemma on adopting the capitalism and maintaining the tradition culture of communism (Peterson, 2005). The internet has been used to spread democracy while in some cases; it has been used by criminals to spread propaganda. Russia being one of the countries that have adopted the use of the computer technologies, the country has witnessed some moral change. The position of the conservative culture has gone down thus prompting the government to act swiftly to prevent the western culture from being adopted. Russia Moral exposure The freedom has seen the activist using the internet to communicate with the other activists outside the country. The stern restrictions from the government has been effective thus less involvement of the activists in the internal affairs of the country however the security reasons has been a major concern from the government. Due to the exposure in the internet; the citizens get to know their rights and the weaknesses in the people in power. Russia being, federal government with less accountability, the citizens could learn more on democracy. This would endanger the government in place. However the government has ensured the fact does not happen. Instead it censors some of the foreign internet postings in the countrys internet. Well checked information can only be posted in the country. Much of the information stuff being shared is usually from the government and the locally providers. Censuring of the internet in the country has been brought by the fact that the internet encourages the citizens to participate in uncontrolled conversations which would risk national security. If that happens, the government would have less power in controlling the citizens thus resulting in a serious political crisis. Business ethics There is also a major problem with the internet crime. The country is known for its talented computer experts therefore they are expected to have both the negative impact in the country. The country would basically develop faster in the internet accessibility if the freedom is provided. The student would be able to access more data worldwide which would then be used to develop the countys systems even further. Also considering the manpower in the country, the impact of freedom in technology would be beneficial to the computer development. However the access to the internet reduces the loyalty of the citizens to the government by being too critical. The Russian ethical and moral issues depend on the adoption of the new technology which is being developed by several countries globally. Though Russia was among the first countries to embrace the new technology of the computer era, the government control of the use is still in. citizens are allowed a limited access to the internet; only sites believed not to be a thread to the security of the nation. Basically this is because the major global internet providers such as the Google have not found access to the nation (Adirim, 1991). Citing the decay in culture, the government decided to keep off its citizens from acting in the western style. The move was anticipated to avoid the drain in the communism. Internet accessibility Unlike during the Soviet Union era, the government has lessened the control over the communication sector and the access to the technology. The educational standards in Russia have been a major driver in the rapid adoption of the new technology. Over 9 percent of the Russian adult population gain access to the internet. The government has promoted the use of the internet in the learning institutions to promote national development. The major Russian internet home is the RUNet; the firm is locally based and has a large market within Russia because of the usual cultural believe that the western information has no positive word on the country. Therefore the culture and the moral of the Russians still remain intact. The activist and critics of the government have limited space to comment on the government or the politicians this is because they fear being indicted. Due to the government hand in the technological development, the Russians have little interest therefore leaving the origina l culture to be propagated through. Unlike other countries controlling the internet, Russian government doesnt have international control on internet due to the low international internet use. Russian internet restrictions The Russian government has come to restrict the access to the intternet information to its people. There is fear that the highly talented professionals in the information systems would use the system to interrupt the operations and the business in thee country. As it has happened in other countries, hacking of the computer system is a common phenomenon globally. The government position on restricting the internet operations has both negative positive impacts on the social development in Russia. Basically the total freedom of the internet use would result in a lot of cyber crimes considering the computer experts in the country. The businesses might be rendered into a risks Endeavour following the system hacking. Therefore the control would maintain the social stability and low political intrigues. The government also fears the use of the internet by the rivals in defamation thus risking exposure. However the move to block the innovative minds from participating in the global growth wo uld isolate the Russians from the rest of the world. It is evident in its reluctance to embrace the computers made outside the country citing the security reasons. After the cold war, the Russia has been developing its computer system mostly in competition with the US. Thus any attempt to adopt the computers from outside would erode the countrys political norms and culture. Traditionally Russia was among the first countries to develop computers. In the 1950s, the computers in Russia were much ahead in terms of innovation and sophistication. However the country has believed in its own experts for the development to avoid the security from the imported computers. Such a move has been successful in convincing the public over the impact of the initiative. The government control on the internet therefore is an important tool in reducing the western culture from interfering from the Russian culture. The culture has been therefore in the cold therefore the Russian government avoids the drain of the US dominance into its territory. Conclusion Russian culture has been different from the western culture; while the west embraces freedom in all sectors, the Russian government prefers the control of the internet use. As witnessed in the countrys internet access, much of the stuff contains the Russian presentation. The citizens also like the local stuff therefore Russia has been successful in implementing change to suit the new era in the computer world. Considering the high level of knowledge in the country, Russia morals and ethics have been preserved. Developing of the Skolkovo has gained fame from the Russian government and is indented to equivalent with the Innograd in the US. The move basically shows the wish by the Russians to maintain their culture with the technology in place. Buy custom The Impact of Computer Technologies on the Russian Culture essay

The Definition of Ethnicity in Sociology

The Definition of Ethnicity in Sociology In sociology, ethnicity is a concept referring to a shared culture and a way of life. This can be reflected in language, religion, material culture such as clothing and cuisine, and cultural products such as music and art. Ethnicity is often a major source of social cohesion as well as social conflict. The world is home to thousands of different ethnic groups, from the Han Chinese- the largest ethnic group in the world- to the smallest indigenous groups, some of which include only a few dozen people. Almost all of these groups possess a shared history, language, religion, and culture, which provide group members with a common identity. Learned Behavior Ethnicity, unlike race, is not based on biological traits, except in the case of ethnic groups that recognize certain traits as requirements for membership. In other words, the cultural elements that define a particular ethnic group are taught, not inherited. This means that the boundaries between ethnic groups are, to some degree, fluid, allowing for individuals to move between groups. This can happen, for example, when a child from one ethnic group is adopted into another, or when an individual undergoes a religious conversion. It can also happen through the process of acculturation, whereby members of a native group are forced to adopt the culture and manners of a dominating host group. Ethnicity should not be confused with nationality, which refers to citizenship. While some countries are largely composed of a single ethnic group (Egypt, Finland, Germany, China), others are composed of many different groups (United States, Australia, Philippines, Panama). The rise of nation-states in Europe in the 1600s led to the creation of many countries that are still ethnically homogenous today (the population of Germany, for example, is 91.5 percent German). Countries that were founded as colonies, on the other hand, are more likely to be home to multiple ethnicities. Examples Different ethnic groups do not use the same criteria to define group membership. While one group may emphasize the importance of a shared language, another may emphasize the importance of a shared religious identity. For example, French Canadians are an ethnic group for whom language is paramount. It is what connects them to the French colonists who first settled Canada in the 1600s and what distinguishes them from English Canadians, Scottish Canadians, and Irish Canadians. Other aspects of culture, such as religion, are less significant when it comes to defining who is and is not French Canadian. Most French Canadians are Christians, but some are Catholic and others are Protestant. In contrast, religion is an essential part of ethnic identity for groups such as the Jews. Unlike French Canadians, Jews do not define themselves based on a single shared language. In fact, Jewish communities throughout the world have developed a variety of different languages, including Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino (Judeo-Spanish), Judeo-Arabic, and Judeo-Aramaic (not to mention the many Jews who speak English, French, German, or any other of the worlds many languages). Because ethnic groups are self-defined, it is important to remember that no single aspect of group identity (language, religion, etc.) can be used to sort people into one group or another. Flashpop / Getty Images Race vs. Ethnicity Unlike ethnicity, race is based on physical traits that are inherited, such as skin color and facial features. Racial categories are broader than ethnic categories. Today, for example, the U.S. Census divides people into five racial categories: white, black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native,  Asian, and  Native Hawaiian  or Other Pacific Islander. Modern scientists regard race as a social construct, and racial categories, like ethnic categories, have changed over time. What Is My Ethnicity? Because ethnicity is more of a cultural practice than a science, you probably grew up understanding your own ethnicity in a way that tests will never be able to measure. The food you ate, the traditions you practiced, and the language(s) you spoke are all essential aspects of your ethnic identity. If you are interested in learning more about your exact ancestry, you can do so using a variety of DNA testing services. DNA Testing for Ethnicity DNA testing- available through services such as 23andMe, MyHeritage, and LivingDNA- allows people to explore their genealogy using their genetic information. Examining DNA can reveal information about a persons ancestry and ethnic background. While the principles of DNA testing are sound, the private companies that offer this service through home-testing kits have been criticized for their methodologies. Sheldon Krimsky, a scientist at Tufts University, says that these companies don’t share their data, and their methods are not validated by an independent group of scientists. Since each company uses a different database of genetic information, Krimsky says the tests can only give an indication of probabilities: The results are in no way definitive; instead each company uses common genetic variations as the basis for saying the  The popularity of DNA testing for ancestry has also generated concerns about data privacy.

The financial pro's and con's of outsourcing - how to judge wether an Essay

The financial pro's and con's of outsourcing - how to judge wether an activity should be outsourced - Essay Example Beneifer Irani states that outsourcing offers freedom to pass on non – core, yet important sectors of its administration on companies that specializ in those very individual aspects. (Beneifer Irani)2 The advantage of outsourcing lies in the fact that it helps companies to cut costs and stay ahead in the competition. Indeed Companies can save up on operational costs to half by outsourcing. They get access to cheaper and more efficient labour and save up on training costs. They can also access better technologies at lower cost. Outsourcing also helps to increase productivity as they pay to a third party purely on output. It allows the company to concentrate on its core competency. Companies today want to make use of the outsourcing advantage in order to progress and stay abreast of the competition. The main disadvantage of outsourcing is that the company can get into serious trouble if the service provider is unable to provide the business or service due to bankruptcy, lack of funds, labour troubles etc. There is also a loss of control over the process that is outsourced and there may be a loss of quality. Unless the outsourced service is exclusively provided to one company, there is chance of the service provider failing one or the other principal and this can cause disruption in smooth flow of work. Outsourcing jobs to offshore destinations, is causing some unemployment as both high and low-end jobs are moving out. There is often a conflict between companies, national economies and individuals and it is difficult to reconcile all the stakeholders. The company must consider outsourcing on the level of its core requirements. If an activity is considered a core activity then it should not outsource it to a third party as it is not likely to be handled by better people than the company has. The very fact that it is a core competency declares that the company is most competent to perform it. However core competency has separate meaning for

The role of coaching in improving performance Essay

The role of coaching in improving performance - Essay Example Had it not been for the coaching that they had received at the right time, they would still be struck at one place or the other. International Coach Federation (ICF), the international accrediting body for coaching, the defines coaching as, â€Å" an ongoing partnership that helps [people] produce fulfilling results in their personal and professional lives and†¦deepen their learning, improve their performance, and enhance their quality of life†. In Sir John Whitmore’s words, coaching is defined as â€Å"unlocking a person’s potential to maximize their own performance. It is helping them to learn rather than teaching them.† (Whitmore 2002). A coach could be someone to train you in a new skill, encourage and motivate you, give you feedback for improvement and provide you with individual attention. Plants grow in wild; however they cannot match the yield from that of a well-cultured farm. The culturing that creates a well-maintained farm out of an unevenly undulated jungle in what coaching does to an individual. At an organization level, training plays a very significant role. After getting fresh talent into the organization, it is the responsibility of the management, to ensure that they are provided with the right training plus coaching at the right time. Only this will guarantee that they work in alignment to company’s goals and objectives. Coaching at its basic level is ‘observation and feedback’. (Luecke 2004). This simple yet magical definition can turn around organizations and boost-up individual performances to great heights. That is, coaches will normally be experts, who has 360 degree experience in the field, using which they can guide prospective employees on the opportunities and challenges of undergoing coaching. (Sherman and Freas 2004). The corrective measures needed or the area to be focused and worked upon will be obtained through the feedback. Thus coaching can pump in the invaluable component of ‘trigger for change’ into

The Obesity Epidemic Essay -- Obesity in America

In 1990, obese adults made up less than 15 percent of the population in most U.S. states. By 2010, 36 states had obesity rates of 25 percent or higher, and 12 of those had obesity rates of 30 percent or higher. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015) Even more alarming, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents is on the rise, and youth are becoming overweight and obese at earlier ages. One out of six children and adolescents ages 2 to 19 are obese and one out of three are overweight or obese. (Ogden, 2012) This essay looks at the question of what are the main causes of obesity and what steps the school system can take to assist in the reduction of childhood obesity. While childhood obesity has been increasing, the school system continues to struggle with what exactly their role is in the fight against this epidemic. With these rising concerns from not only the parents, but also the government, our school system has now placed important emphasis on physical fitness and offering children a physical education program that will not only reduce the childhood obesity rate here in America, but also increase the child’s academic skill levels through motivation and exercise. While the school system is offering this physical education to the children, the need for educators to be equipped with the educational knowledge base to offer the children is a subject of great concern. Many teachers today lack the education themselves to properly instruct children within the physical education classroom and there for need to acquire additional edification themselves. The demand for superior physical education at the basic levels of education is extremely vit al as research has shown that there is a relati... ...or Physical Education. In Dynamic Physical Education For Elementary School Children (pp. 1-19). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Tinning, R. (1990). Chapter 1Physical education, curriculum, and culture:Physical Activity and knowledge. In D. Kirk (Ed.), Physical Education, Curriculum And Culture: Critical Issues In The Contemporary Crisis (pp. 1-18). doi: ISBN 1-85000-674-1 Wall, S., Rudisill, M., Goodway, J., & Parish, L. (2004). A comparison of three movement settings on the development of fundamental motor skills in young children. [Supplemental material]. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26(S194.). Wong, A. K., & Chueng, S. (2010). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Test of Gross Motor Development-2. Measurement in Physical Education & Exercise Science, 14(3), 202-209. doi: 10.1080/10913671003726968

Persuasive Message Framing Health And Social Care Essay

The writer argue that, in the context of urging societal alterations, message framing can be used as one of communicating schemes in societal selling context. By utilizing message bordering attack, public communicating can be presented in footings of the benefits ( additions ) or costs ( losingss ) framed associated with a peculiar behaviour. Research shows that bordering of such persuasive messages influences many societal determinations. Peoples tend to avoid hazards when sing additions or benefits, and tend to prefer hazards when sing losingss or costs. This paper investigates the nature of message framing, the taxonomy of message framing effects and alternate signifiers of message bordering presentation. The writer explored the differential effects between negative and positive framed message, the context in which message bordering surveies much more have been conducted and the account by which message framing could act upon people ‘s attitude, purpose and behaviour. It is concluded that the message bordering surveies had been conducted in a broad assortment of wellness communicating context and can be expanded to many other societal alterations contexts. The differential effects between negative and positive framed messages were exist because of: 1. The different penchants about hazard, 2. The asymetry between negative and positive information and the presence of moderator variables. The persuasion which happened in message bordering presentation will act upon people ‘s information processing in three stairss: 1. The sum of attending directed to the message influence the grade to which it is integrated into a mental representation of the issue, 2. Peoples differ in their receptiveness to the peculiar frame advocated by the message, based on both their experience and current state of affairs, and 3. The influence of a peculiar frame on existent behaviour depends on the sensed map of the advocated behaviour. Aditional researches may be neede d to make up one's mind what sort of framed message and situational and dispositional moderator variables that proper for the specific context of societal job.Cardinal words: societal selling, message framing, attitude and persuasion.1IntroductionAbout every state faces societal jobs in their day-to-day life. Health issues such as advancing people to avoid familial diseases, carrying people to halt unhealthy life manner ( e.g. smoke, drug and intoxicant dependence ) , advancing people to forestall deathly diseases ( e.g. malignant neoplastic disease ) and doing household program, are parts of these jobs. Decreasing energy supply is besides one of the jobs that require people to execute energy preservation behaviour. Significant attempts are needed to carry people to halt blowing their energy ingestion. The increasing traffic denseness besides require people to alter their drive and siting behaviour to be more carefully and safely in order to take down the traffic accident rate. In s hort, there are many public attitudes and behaviours needed to be changed to work out the societal jobs. Solving societal jobs affecting societal alterations. It means altering single and group life wont by transforming their harmful behaviours toward more productive one, altering attitudes and values of the community and the whole society and making new societal tehcnolgy in order to increase quality of life [ 1 ] . However, altering human behaviour is non an easy thing and it possibly the most debatable issue in human relation.The Role of Social Marketing in Solving Social ProblemsIn order to accomplish the expected status in a society that full of societal jobs, it is expected that marketing subject non merely focuses on profit-oriented companies but besides accommodates the societal dimensions of the society. The jobs such as pollution control, public transit, instruction, drug maltreatment, safe drive, household planning and public wellness, need advanced solutions and attacks to derive populace ‘s attending and support. The troubles found by societal sellers to pass on their thoughts and societal ends have been the concern of the selling experts for a long clip. To reply these phenomena, Kotler and Zaltman [ 1 ] argue that marketing attacks can be used to work out specific societal jobs by implementing the selling rules such as analysing, planning and commanding the jobs of societal alterations. The selling constructs and techniques can be used efficaciously to advance single and group to execute recomended behaviour. Social selling is a promising model to program and implement the societal alterations. Kotler and Zaltman [ 1 ] define societal selling as a design, execution and control of plans carried out to act upon the acceptableness of societal thoughts that involved merchandise design, pricing, communicating, distribution and selling research. However, using the societal selling program attack does non intend that the societal ends will be automatically achieved because it merely develops a mec hanism which relates the experts ‘ cognition on human behaviour and the execution of the recommended cognition which brings good cause to the society. Different from Kotler and Zaltman, Andreasen [ 2 ] positions societal selling as the attempts to act upon the mark audience ‘s behaviour. Harmonizing to Andreasen, societal selling is the version of commercial selling engineering onto the analysis, planning, executing and rating plans which designates to act upon the behaviour of the mark audience to better their ain mental and physical life and/or the society in which they live. Harmonizing to Andreasen, the footing of societal selling is to alter one ‘s behaviour. Social selling is related to behavioural mentality. It stressed on instruction and propaganda plan that merely will be usefull if brings behavioural alterations. It is interesting to societal alterations practicioners as could partly explicate why people do certain behaviour. The consumer ‘s behavior attack, harmonizing to Andreasen [ 2 ] , can be applied in societal selling issues. The outgrowth of exchange theory is the chief stimulation to marketing faculty members to spread out the constructs of consumer ‘s behaviour and selling such as the usage of seat belt, blood giver, etc. Promoting the consumers to donate their blood, for case, does non affect offering merchandises or services, nor does it affect payment to be done by the consumers. However, it will convey many benefits for the quality of life of the society if the recomended behaviours were performed. Theories and theoretical accounts for societal selling abound, with small formal consensus on which types of theoretical accounts for what types of societal selling jobs in what sorts of state of affairss are most appropriate [ 3 ] . The basic constructs of societal selling involve alterations. Social sellers try to act upon other ‘s behaviour which consists of [ 2 ] : a. get downing certain behaviour, b. halting certain behaviour, c. altering certain behaviour. The get downing point of behavior class opens a figure of research chances in the field of societal selling such as disease bar, early sensing of diseases, birth control ( to get down a certain behaviour ) , the danger of smoke ( to halt a certain behaviour ) , and organic nutrient ingestion and environmentally friendly merchandise use ( to alter a certain behaviour ) . In the visible radiation of act uponing other ‘s behaviour, societal selling urges the execution of proper communicating scheme to carry people. In this paper, the writer argue that one of the effectual communicating methods which may be considered to carry people to execute recomended behaviour is the message bordering attack. Message framing can be the promising communicating scheme to heighten people conformity in order to do societal alterations. It could be implemented in wide country of societal issues such as wellness, safe drive, proenvironmental behaviour and so on.Framing Theory and Message FramingFraming theory starts from Prospect Theory introduced by Tversky and Kahneman [ 4 ] . Framing posit of prospect theory provinces that the manner an information presented, in footings of benefits and losingss, may act upon the behaviour based of two grounds. First, people tend to avoid hazards when sing additions, that is, when having messages in the signifier of positive fra ming. On the contrary, they are likely to take hazards when sing losingss or costs, that is, when having messages in the signifier of negative framing. Consequently, the penchants towards risk-taking to a great extent depend on whether the thought is presented in the frame of addition or loss contexts. Therefore, persuasive information may be presented by demoing the possible benefits earned if the information presented is purely followed or the possible losingss earned if the information is non taken. Second, this theory argues that people will probably to avoid hazards which make the losingss look much bigger than the benefits earned. In line with the chance theory, two logical statements of an issue, if presented in two different ways, may ensue in different determinations. The most popular illustration of this issue is the Asiatic Disease Problem experiment conducted by Kahneman and Tversky [ 5 ] : to 152 topics who were presented to the hypothesis inquiries which required them to conceive of that the US authorities had been fixing an action to forestall diseases in Asia. It was predicted that the disease might kill 600 people. There were two plans proposed to forestall the disease ; Program A and B. It was assumed that the estimated effects of the plan were as follows ( presented in positive framing ) : If plan A was chosen, they would salvage 200 people If plan B was chosen, 1/3 of 600 would likely be saved and 2/3 people would likely non survive. The consequences of the experiment showed that 72 % of the respondents preferred Program A instead than Program B. The same inquiries were besides proposed to the other 152 topics. This clip, the plans were Program C and D which were presented in negative framing with the undermentioned effects: – If plan C was taken, 400 would decease – If plan D was chosen, none of 1/3 of 600 would decease and 2/3 of them would likely decease. In this 2nd group of topics, 78 % preferable plan D. From the illustration given, it is evidently seen that A and C are similar to plan B and D. The response was rather predictable based on the rules of diminishing sensitiveness attached to prospect theory. The presentation of the options in the framing informing the figure of people to be saved has clearly shown the benefits of avoiding the hazards. It is much better to salvage 200 people, definite in figure instead than to salvage about 200 people, indefinite in figure. Meanwhile, the presentation of the options in the framing informing the figure of victims shows the topics preferred to take hazards when faced with the possible losingss. It is rather interesting to analyse the chance appeared in this instance. The survey of Kahneman and Tversky [ 5 ] shows that single determination is consistently influenced by how an issue is presented. Specifically, person will be given to avoid hazards when confronting messages presented in a positive framing ( emphasizing on benefits gained ) and s/he will prefer to take hazards when confronting a job presented in negative framing ( emphasizing the losingss gained ) . They argue that each individual relies on a figure of limited heuristics and prejudices in doing complex determinations. Each prejudice and heuristics depends on the preparation of the thought at the beginning of the procedure. Prospect Theory give us a canche to utilize its rule in showing a persuasive message in order to heighten message receiver ‘ conformity, called message framing. Message framing is the presentation of persuasive messages which stresses on the benefits to be gained if the messages are followed ( positive framed/gain framed ) , or on the hazard facets if the messages are non followed[ 2 ]( negative framed/loss framed ) . It is one of persuasive tactics which is strategically used in pass oning persuasive messages to other people. It is used as a paradigm to understand and look into communicating scheme and behaviour in a broad scope of subjects. The related subjects include psychological science, communicating, organisational determination devising, economic sciences, wellness communicating, media surveies and political communicating [ 6 ] . Pprevious researches on persuasive power of message bordering show that the presentation of different types of message framing will ensue in different persuasive effects.Taxonomy of Framing EffectssLevin et Al. [ 7 ] designs a taxonomy which differentiate the framing effects into three classs: hazardous framing, property framing and end framing. The effects of the first framing are those that can be explained as follows: for illustration, in a certain state of affairs, S+ describes a positive status ( such as being alive, winning and being healthy ) , with a figure of n response options which implies different terminal consequences with different degree of uncertainness ( r1, r2, aˆÂ ¦rn ) . On the other side, S- means a negative status ( being dead, being lost, being ill ) with the same figure of n response picks and terminal consequences. The consequence of hazardous framing is that one tends to take options with low uncertainness in S+ , and to take options with high uncertainness in S- . In other words, this status refers to the inclination to prefer definite options in positive frame and hazardous options in ne gative frame. The experiment conducted by Kahneman and Tversky [ 5 ] can be used to explicate this job. The effects of 2nd framing or attributee bordering consequence can be elaborated as follows: for illustration, a certain property ( object or incident ) A+ indicates positive status ( success, nonfat, etc ) with a figure of n response picks which implies different degree of attractive force ( d1, d2, aˆÂ ¦dn ) . Meanwhile, the same property shows negative conditions ( failed, fatty etc ) indicated as A- with the same figure of response picks and the same degree of attractive force d1, d2, ..dn. The attribute framing effects are defined as the inclination of a topic to measure A+ with higher degree of attractive force and A- with lower degree of attractive force. It refers to the inclination of the topic to do a more positive rating on the presented stuffs in positive frame. The experiment carried out by Levin and Gaeth [ 8 ] revealed that beef was considered to be more delightful when positively labeled ( 75 % fat free ) compared to negatively labeled such as ‘contain 25 % fat ‘ . There are at least two different rules between hazardous framing and property framing. The first difference is that attribute framing does non affect hazard use. The 2nd 1 is that the mark is non in the signifier of taking the independent response picks, but in measuring the credence to certain points. The 3rd consequence is the effects of end bordering. They can be explained as follows: for illustration, a certain message M+ contains a positive frame ( chance to derive benefits or avoid losingss ) and the other message contains negative frame ( chance non to derive benefits or suffer losingss ) indicated by M- . The effects of end framing are the differences in the persuasive consequences between M+ and M- to accomplish a certain behaviour. Based on above taxonomy, the presentation of message framing in wide societal alterations context ( such as advancing disease sensing behaviour, disease bar behaviour, energy salvaging behaviour, birth control behaviour, pro-environmental behaviour, save driving behaviour, healthy diet and exercising behaviour and so on ) could be categorized into end framing as the presentation of negative framing or positive one could convey different persuasion effects to the message receiver.Forms of Message Framing PresentationLevin and Gaeth [ 8 ] argue that there are two types of message framings ( See Table 1 ) . The first type is how the negative or positive message is communicated across. The positive message emphasizes on the benefits received by the consumers for utilizing the merchandises or making the expected behaviour. The negative message emphasiss on the consumer ‘s losingss for non utilizing the merchandises or making the recommended behaviour. The 2nd type discusses the nega tive and positive facets of the message itself. Levin and Gaeth reference that the fat contained in the beef is 25 % fat or 75 % thin. As a affair of fact, there are really few merchandises which inform their negative effects to the consumers. In line with Levin and Gaeth, O'Keefe [ 9 ] maintains that the attractive force of positive and negative framing phrases can be presented in two different ways. First, whether the result described is the coveted result. Second, whether the result described is an achieved result ( gained, proposed, accomplishable ) or something to avoid ( gotten rid of, unexpected, unattainable ) . As displayed in Table 1, addition framed messages, for illustration, can be presented in: â€Å" if you comply the promoted action, you will derive the expected result X † or â€Å" if you do the recommended action, the unexpected result Y can be avoided † . Meanwhile the loss framed messages can be presented: â€Å" if you do non make the recommended behaviour, the expected result X will non be achieved † or â€Å" if you do non make the recommended action, the unexpected result Y will happen † . Nevertheless, it has non been really clear whether the assorted types of message pr esentation will impact the comparative effectivity of addition framed and loss framed messages. Table 1. Techniques of Message Framing PresentationPresentation techniquesTypes of FramingStatementOutcome is described in the expected or unexpected results. Positive frame â€Å" if you do the recommended actions, the expected result X will be gained † Negative frame â€Å" if you do non make the recommended actions, the unexpected result Y will happen. Results are presented as something achieved or avoided. Positive frame â€Å" If you do the recommended actions, the unexpected result Y may be avoided † . Negative frame â€Å" If you do non make the recommended action, the expected result X will non be gained. † Beginning: extracted by the writer.Differential Effectss of Positive and Negative Framing on PersuasionIn the last 30 old ages, 100s of empirical surveies have been conducted to demo and look into the framing effects in several different contexts. Around 15 surveies had been conducted on the effects of bordering each twelvemonth [ 10 ] . There are besides legion theories developed to explicate human behaviour based on the appraisal of benefits and losingss. However, findings on the effects of bordering have non shown any conclusive consequences [ 9 ] . Probe on about 70 old surveies showed [ 11 ] , so far, bordering researches are much more conducted in wellness and consumer behaviour contexts. In wellness behaviour context ( see Appendix 1 ) , many researches on message framing are conducted to promote the behaviour to make early sensing and bar to diseases [ 42 ] . Some of those researches were carried out in the context of chest malignant neoplastic disease sensing through chest ego scrutiny or mammography trial [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] and [ 15 ] , bad effects of smoking [ 16 ] , sexually-transmitted diseases [ 17 ] , the effects of cholesterin on bosom disease [ 18 ] , cholesterin testing [ 19 ] , the usage of dental floss [ 20 ] , fatty content on nutrient [ 21 ] and the usage of gargle [ 22 ] . In the field of wellness, persuasive power of loss framed tends to surpass that of addition framed. However, the consequences of the research in general are still inconclusive [ 21 ] , [ 15 ] , [ 23 ] . Some surveies found the effectivity of negative framed message [ 12 ] , [ 30 ] and the others found the opposite one [ 19 ] , [ 17 ] . Rothman and Salovey [ 31 ] province that loss framed messages are more persuasive in advancing disease sensing and other hazardous behaviour while addition framed messages are more persuasive in advancing disease bar and other low hazard behaviour. The advantages of the persuasive power of loss framed over that of addition framed in the old surveies is closely related to bordering determination. The surveies show different penchants between the two determination options ( which are fundamentally tantamount to one another ) when they are presented in different frames ( loss and addition framed ) . It is supported by Tversky and Kahneman [ 4 ] who maintain that, fundamentally, an person does non fond of losingss ( remaining off from hazards ) when sing the benefits or consequences, but takes hazards when confronting possible losingss or costs. Therefore, when results are presented in loss framing ( emphasizing on the facets of possible loss ) , a individual prefers to take hazards. This is based on Kahneman and Tversky ‘s classical experimental findings [ 5 ] on deathly diseases that have often been replicated to different topics[ 3 ]. There are at least three grounds that could be used to explicate the differential effects of framed messages [ 9 ] . First, the ground is related with the determination framing. Previous surveies showed that there are different penchants between two determinations ( that must be tantamount ) when the two determinations presented in different frames. Tversky and Kahneman [ 4 ] explain that people fundamentally do non like loss ( avoid hazard ) when they were sing hazards. So, when the result is presented in negative framed ( stressed the loss or hazard facets ) , people will prefer hazardous pick. This statement is based on Kahneman and Tversky ‘s experiment called fatal disease [ 5 ] . Second, the differential effects in negative and positive framed message are caused by dissymmetry between negative and positive information. Negative information by and large has unbalanced effects on determination compared with tantamount positive information. A negative stimulation is besides easy to be recognized. Research show that negative stimulations could be detected in a lower degree of exposure compared with the positive 1. In add-on, negative happening consequences in stronger and faster reactions. There are three accounts about asymmetrical places between positive and negative information. The first dissymmetry provinces that negative information normally has imbalanced influence to a determination compared to the similar positive information. The 2nd dissymmetry explains that negative stimulations can be easy detected on the lower degree of exposure compared to positive stimulation. Third dissymmetry is that a negative event consequences in a stronger and quicker reacti on [ 9 ] . The 3rd ground is the presence of moderator variables. Review on old researches [ 11 ] happen several moderator variables normally used and caused the differential persuasion effects of message bordering. They are the engagement of message receivers and content of the messages [ 19 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 13 ] , types of recommended behaviour ( in wellness context ) , and types of communicated results [ 9 ] . Another moderator variable which besides becomes the topic of research is the order of presentations [ 24 ] , credibleness of message beginnings [ 25 ] , single differences which include: demand for knowledge [ 26 ] , degree of message amplification [ 27 ] , message receiving system motive [ 20 ] and perceptual experience to put on the line [ 28 ] . Researches showed the presence of moderator variable streghtened the persuasive power of framed message. The findings of the researches on the effects of message framing are steadfastly supported by the effectivity of positive framing in the surveies conducted by Levin and Gaeth [ 8 ] , Maheswaran and Meyers-Levy [ 19 ] , Diamond and Sanyal [ 29 ] , Rothman et Al. [ 30 ] , Block and Keller [ 17 ] , and Donovan and Jalleh [ 21 ] . Previous surveies show that positive framing is more effectual when the communicated message contains recommended low hazard behaviorsuch as like cholesterin sensing to the topics who had low degree of engagement in Maheswaran and Meyers-Levy ‘s survey [ 19 ] or preventative behaviour [ 31 ] . It was found that the presentation of the message in positive framing may increase people ‘s inclination to give positive reappraisal of a merchandise which in bend addition the chance to take the merchandise [ 8 ] , [ 21 ] . This determination is consistent with Kahneman and Tversky [ 5 ] who province that an single tends to avoid hazard when confronting a jo b presented in positive framing. In some instances, the mixture of positive and negative messages turns out to be the most effectual manner. Meanwhile, another survey studies there are no differences between the two framing conditions. Lerman et Al. ( 1992 ) in Donovan and Jalleh [ 21 ] did non happen different effects among participants who read the message in negative framing and the message presented in positive framing about the importance of mammography written in the brochure. Besides, Tykocinski et Al. [ 32 ] did non happen different effects between positive and negative framing. Framing effects will be found when there is an interaction with personal concept named self disagreement. Assema [ 34 ] province that there are no bordering consequence in his survey in healthy diet context. Beyond many research in wellness context, research about message framing besides conducted in the country of energy preservation [ 35 ] . Gonzales et Al. [ 10 ] , conducted a quasi experiment technique based on the rules of societal psychological science. Hence, the findings of his survey support the effectivity of loss framed messages. Research on message framing is besides carried out on environment-friendly behaviour, including recycle, preservation, and green life style in a survey by Davis [ 36 ] . This research findings revealed that negative framing gave the most positive response and the highest purpose to take part in environment-friendly behaviour. From the abovementioned account, the author draws decision that though assorted researches on the effects of bordering have been conducted, so far, there is no conclusive consequences in which bordering signifier is most effectual [ 13 ] . Some of the surveies argue that negative framing is more effectual than positive bordering [ 12 ] , [ 31 ] , yet others mention the opposite consequences ; positive framing is more effectual than negative bordering [ 8 ] , [ 21 ] . Some of the findings of the surveies indicate that the effectivity of a certain framing depends on situational and dispositional factor [ 6 ] . Based on his meta analytic, O'Keefe [ 9 ] province that loss framed entreaties are non by and large more persuasive than addition framed entreaties. For promoting disease bar behaviours, gain-framed entreaties are more persuasive than loss-framed entreaties ; for promoting disease sensing behaviours, gain- and loss-framed entreaties do non differ significantly in strength. The co mparative strength of otherwise framed entreaties seems small influenced by ( a ) whether the gain-framed entreaties emphasize the attainment of desirable provinces or the turning away of unwanted provinces or ( B ) whether the loss-framed entreaties emphasize the attainment of unwanted provinces or the turning away of desirable provinces. Our treatment about the wide context of message bordering surveies indicate that bordering attack can be considered as one of communicating attacks to advance societal alterations trough altering public values, attitudes and behaviour. As one of societal selling publicity scheme, as proposed by the writer, message framing could be implemented in the degree of single or community behaviour. However, it is needed extra surveies in more assorted context to analyze the proper message bordering attack and situational and dispositionalvariables to considered in each specific country, in order to acquire cognition, what sort of framed message does more persuasive in each country.How Can the Framed Message Influence Attitude Change and Behavior?The common result variable of the framed message theoretical account was persuasion, as assessed through attitude alteration, station communicating understanding, behavioural purpose and behaviour [ 9 ] . Persuasion is an attitude alteration as a cons equence of exposure to information achieved from other parties. This exposure can be in written or verbal messages sent by the beginning to the receiving system [ 38 ] , [ 39 ] . Variables impacting persuasions normally operate by giving hints or statements, making prejudice in information processing, and make up one's minding the figure of amplifications done in a message [ 40 ] . Refer to Eagly and Chaiken ( 1984 ) in Seethaler and Rose [ 37 ] , there are three attacks in persuasion mechanism, i.e. : 1 ) Cognitive Response Approach, 2 ) Attributional Reasoning Approach, and 3 ) Heuristic Processing Mode. Prospect theory, from which message framing originated is one of theories that explained attributional logical thinking attack. Harmonizing to this attack, message receiver seek to explicate the message s/he receives through causal reading related with societal norms or environmental status. So, it is clear that message framing is one of persuasion beginnings. Persuasion which happened in a framed message presentation is one of persuasion beginnings caused by the message features. Harmonizing to Olson and Zanna, there are several issues which encourage persuasion to take topographic point: beginning of the message, features of the message and features of the message receivers [ 38 ] . The effects of message framing may go on to all degrees of message receiver. It can be applied in the degree of interpersonal, intrapersonal, groups, organisations, inter organisations, and society [ 6 ] . Although there are more research conducted on the consequence of framing in single degree [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 31 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 30 ] , [ 21 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 15 ] dan [ 23 ] . However, there are besides some researches on the effects of bordering in the group degree [ 41 ] . The information processing when person receives a framed message can be closely related to psychological procedure used in proving the information, doing determinations, and pulling decisions about the surrounding. There are several account how people treating a framed information. Refer to Hallahan [ 6 ] , bordering operates by making prejudice in person ‘s cognitive procedure of information through at least two mechanisms. The first mechanism is giving contextual intimations that direct the receivers in doing determinations and pulling decisions of a message. Tversky and Kahneman [ 4 ] argue that negative or positive framing in a determination works as cognitive heuristic or regulation of pollex which directs the determinations to uncertain or hazardous state of affairs. The negative reaction to losingss or hazards is consistent with the findings which province that negative information is considered more earnestly than positive information and given more attending. This is b esides consistent to the motivational theory which states that person of course acts to make self-defense. This statement can explicate, why some research findings [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] uncover the advantage of negative framed messages than positive 1s. The 2nd mechanism is through priming. It is a procedure where a human being organizes the gained cognition in the memory through cognitive construction or strategy which acts as barrier in constructing and construing a state of affairs and event. How a framed messages influence people ‘s determination besides can be explained based on the information processing phases. The procedure by which framed messages influence opinion and behaviour could be explained at least in three of import phases. First, the sum of attending directed to the message influence the grade to which it is integrated into a mental representation of the issue. Second, people differ in their receptiveness to the peculiar frame advocated by the message, based on both their experience and current state of affairs. Third, the influence of a peculiar frame on existent behaviour depends on the sensed map of the advocated behaviour [ 31 ] . Harmonizing to Rothman and Salovey [ 31 ] , in order to react to framed message, people have to comprehend the message foremost. But, to simply comprehend the message is non sufficient to actuate behavior alteration. Framed message can act upon the behaviour merely if it integrated into a individual ‘s cognitive representation of the issue. Given that behavioural determinations are thought to reflect the consideration of relevant beliefs, a individual ‘s perceptual experience of an issue needs to reflect the peculiar place advocated by the framed entreaty. The construct of Elaboration Likelihood Model [ 40 ] besides can be used to explicate how people respond to a framed message. Petty and Cacioppo [ 40 ] explain, there are two alternate manners in which persuasive entreaty are processed: 1 ) Systematically ( attending to the peculiar inside informations of the message ) , and 2 ) Heuristically ( attending to come up characteristics of the message ) . The mode in which a framed message is processed significantly affects its ultimate influence. The cognitive assimilation of the frame provided by a peculiar entreaty is likely contingent on the systematic processing of that entreaty [ 31 ] . Some old researches in diverse set of contextual variables showed that comparative strength of addition and loss framed was limited to those participants who processed the message consistently [ 19 ] , [ 30 ] . Systematic processing of a framed message is a necessary stipulation to detect the predicted advantage of addition bordering particularly in w ellness behaviour context ( addition framed message in bar behaviour and loss framed for sensing behaviour ) . How do people accept the framed message? Rothman and Salovey [ 31 ] province that even though people may be motivated to treat a framed entreaty consistently, they may non be receptive to the frame advocated by the message. There are two factors were sing in discoursing the willingness to accept the peculiar frame provided by an entreaty. The first factor is an on-going temper that may determine one ‘s receptiveness to a framed message. One ‘s temper may act upon whether a state of affairs is perceived in footings of losingss or additions as feelings can function as information about one ‘s current state of affairs. Sad tempers may corroborate that possible losingss are possible, whereas happy tempers may underline the saliency of possible additions. However, temper had no consequence on perceptual experiences of possible additions. Peoples who felt happy perceived greater cost to a possible loss compared with participants in a impersonal temper. The influence of te mper on perceptual experiences of likeliness mediates the comparative strength of gain- and loss-framed statements ( Wegener et al. ( 1994 ) in [ 31 ] ) . Participants were more persuaded by gain-framed statements when in a happy temper, but loss-framed statements were more persuasive when they were in a sad temper. The 2nd factors that are impacting willingnes to accept framed message are anterior cognition and experience that may curtail one ‘s willingness to follow a peculiar frame [ 31 ] . Using wellness information context, Rothman and Salovey say that the information presented is understood within the context of an person ‘s experiences and cognition. When the issue is either new or unfamiliar, people have few preconceived impressions about the issue, which should ease the acceptance of the frame emphasized in a recommendation. To the extent that the position provided by the framed entreaty is consistent with one ‘s initial apprehension, one should hold small trouble following the suggested frame. However, when the frame does non fit one ‘s experiences, the unexpected position should arouse systematic processing of the message, but this does non needfully connote that the advocated frame will be adopted. If the initial position is strong plenty, it is possible that people might reframe a message that did non fit their dominant position. Unfortunately, the grade to which people efficaciously reframe messages and their subsequent impact on determination devising has non been tested through empirical observation. Although the abovementioned phenomena are used to explicate the wellness behaviour context, the writer argue that this besides can be used to explicate the information acceptance in broad scope context of societal alteration messages. So far, we have discussed the importance of message bordering use in persuade people to execute recomended behaviour and how they will treat and have the framed information. However, the most of import end of any framed message is to advance a peculiar behaviour. Rothman and Salovey [ 31 ] told that, even when a framed has been processed and assimilated, its peculiar impact on behaviour is contingent on perceptual experience of the behaviour itself. They suggest that beliefs refering both the effectivity of a behaviour ( response efficaciousness ) and one ‘s ability to execute that behaviour successfully ( self efficaciousness ) predict the likeliness of the behaviour being carried out. Based on Protection Motivation Theory they suggest that efficaciousness beliefs may be peculiarly of import when people act in response to a loss framed entreaty. It has been observed in Meyerowitz and Chaiken [ 12 ] survey that revealed adult females who received a loss framed pamplet recommend ing BSE later held the strongest ego efficaciousness beliefs and that to keep strong efficaciousness beliefs partly mediated the influence of the loss frame on behaviour. Based on my reappraisal on old surveies [ 11 ] , it is non all of them utilizing behavior as dependent step. The trouble of longitudinal survey to mensurate the existent behaviour may be the reply of this issue. Studies who involved behavior as the dependent step can be find in Meyerowitz and Chaiken [ 12 ] by comparing immediate step and subsequently step as the placeholder of behaviour and Detweiler et Al. [ 43 ] utilizing sunscreen with SPF order. Most of old research limited their dependen step on behavior purpose or behaviour inclination and this bound the significance of their research findings [ 44 ] . Decision From above treatment, several decision could be drawn. The being of several societal jobs require us to acquire involved in making the expected status in our society by implementing societal selling knowlegde. Social selling attempt to act upon other ‘s behavior including [ 2 ] : a. get downing certain behaviour, b. halting certain behaviour, c. altering certain behaviour. One of communicating attacks that we could utilize to accomplish these purposes is message bordering. It could be implemented in assorted different context of societal job to carry people to execute recomended behaviour. Harmonizing to the taxonomy of bordering effects, message framing can be categorized into end framing, as the presentation of negative framed or positive one could convey different persuasion effects to the message receiver. It can be presented in two alternate signifiers, the first is the signifier in which the result is described in the expected or unexpected results and the 2nd is the signifier in which the result are presented as something achieved or avoided. Assorted surveies in message framing context showed us that there are differential effects of message bordering persuasive power. However it is non easy to make up one's mind which one of the framing message signifiers that most persuasive. It is true that there is a inclination of negative framed advantages than positive one, based on asymetri of negative framed comparison to positive one. But we besides acknowledge the consequence of chairing variable in each specific context. Given the chief inquiry for faculty members is, how we can better the effectivity of a message to the populace in order to increase conformity with the recommended action, the writer conclude that utilizing framed message is an alternate manner to accomplish this end. Furthermore, what type of framing should be used will depend on the context in which the message was conveyed. The extent to which the effectivity of the usage of message framing will besides depends on chairing variable involved. The interaction between framed message with the moderating variables involved is expected will increase the effectivity of the framed message in assortment different contexts. Future researches in more diverse research contexts are still needed to make up one's mind what sort of framed message and specific moderator variables have to be considered.

Types Of Decisions Managers Can Formulate, Programmed And...

A decision is acknowledging there is an opportunity for different choices to be made. There are two types of decisions managers can formulate, programmed and nonprogrammed decisions. A programmed decision is when there is a recurring problem, and the manager knows that they can apply a rule to the decision. An example of a programmed decision would be similar to ordering supplies needed for the office. In a programmed decision the, risk of failure is relatively low since as a manager, you have made this decision before and almost certainly know the outcome of that decision. A nonprogrammed decision is when there is a unique situation, unstructured or poorly defined situation, which will cause significant consequences if not handled†¦show more content†¦When managers try and justify past decisions, they might think of how the solution they came up with worked but wasn’t 100% successful. Maybe tweak a few points, and it will be a more suitable solution. Managers might a lso be overconfident in their decision that it can come to backfire on them. Ways to help make the right decision is to start with potential brainstorming solutions with solid evidence than engaging in rigorous debates. 2. Big 5 personality traits Chapter 14 Know the Big Five Personality Traits Extroversion is a behavioral quality that is characterized by the energy and sociability of a person. They like to meet new people and tend to be optimistic and talkative. They make friends easily, feel comfortable around people and are skilled in handling a social situation. Their optimistic interpretations of the future allow extroverts to emerge as group leaders or to be perceived as a leader figure. However, while sociability and dominance are essential attributes for leaders, some who are excessively extroverted, have a tendency to behave in an aggressive, grandiose, and bold way. They tend to be in the spotlight and like to be the center of attention and can jump from one conversation or idea to another as well as over-estimating their personal capabilities, is a behavioral quality that is characterized by the energy and sociability of a person. This trait might precede a leader to take the input of their subordinates andShow MoreRelatedMgt 101-Hk1. Principles of Management- Midterm Exam3771 Words   |  16 Pagesthe following is an accurate statement in reference to management-by-objectives? rewards are given to workers independent from their objective attainment managers and workers meet to agree on worker objectives the manager and the worker do not meet during the operating period to monitor progress managers set and establish all objectives for the workers without worker involvement Question 10 1 points Save The fundamental purpose of planning is: Read MoreManagement Theory Practice16081 Words   |  65 Pages Flexible †¢ Job focused Skill focused †¢ Individual oriented Team oriented †¢ Permanent jobs Temporary jobs †¢ Command oriented Involvement oriented †¢ Managers always make decisions Employees participate in decision Making †¢ Rule oriented Customer oriented †¢ Relatively homogeneous workforce Diverse workforce †¢ Workdays defined as 9 to 5 Workdays have noRead MoreAdl 01 - Principles and Practices of Management Study Material.Pdf Uploaded Successfully30836 Words   |  124 Pages1: Managers and management i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. Introduction: Managers and management What is an organization? Why do organizations exist? The nature of Management What is management? Who are managers? Management Functions Management process Managerial Roles Managerial skills Levels of Management Schools of management thought Chapter 2: Management planning process i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. Introduction: Planning Origin and Definition Why should managers plan